• 2022-06-12 问题

    What's the top principle of therapies in Huang Di Nei Jin(《黄帝内经》)

    What's the top principle of therapies in Huang Di Nei Jin(《黄帝内经》)

  • 2022-06-09 问题

    Inthe1970s,hebecameatirelesspromoterforthedrugasacurefordepression—whichheoncesufferedfrom—andother______. A: ailments B: therapies C: tolls D: addictions

    Inthe1970s,hebecameatirelesspromoterforthedrugasacurefordepression—whichheoncesufferedfrom—andother______. A: ailments B: therapies C: tolls D: addictions

  • 2022-06-03 问题

    Not all chemicals normally present in living ______ are harmless. A: therapies B: ordinances C: organisms D: orientations

    Not all chemicals normally present in living ______ are harmless. A: therapies B: ordinances C: organisms D: orientations

  • 2021-04-14 问题

    Cell therapies are more complicated than drugs, and hES cells, which have the potential to become any cell type in the body, carry special risks.

    Cell therapies are more complicated than drugs, and hES cells, which have the potential to become any cell type in the body, carry special risks.

  • 2022-06-09 问题

    According to Dianne Bell, animals can _________. A: participate in the therapies. B: bring good luck to patients. C: make patients forget that they are in a hospital. D: make marvelous performance for the patients.

    According to Dianne Bell, animals can _________. A: participate in the therapies. B: bring good luck to patients. C: make patients forget that they are in a hospital. D: make marvelous performance for the patients.

  • 2022-06-03 问题

    A 70-year-old man enters the hospital emergency department and has been experiencing severe diarrhea(腹泻). He has pallor, tachycardia, and an arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. Which of the following therapies would the physician recommend to prevent shock? A: Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution B: Blood infusion C: Administration of an antihistamine(抗组胺药) D: Infusion of a sympathomimetic drug (拟交感神经药)

    A 70-year-old man enters the hospital emergency department and has been experiencing severe diarrhea(腹泻). He has pallor, tachycardia, and an arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. Which of the following therapies would the physician recommend to prevent shock? A: Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution B: Blood infusion C: Administration of an antihistamine(抗组胺药) D: Infusion of a sympathomimetic drug (拟交感神经药)

  • 2021-04-14 问题

    Traditional Chinese medicine 1 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice. It includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, exercises, and dietary therapy, and is recently also informed by modern Western medicine. TCM is widely used in China, and is becoming increasingly available in other countries around the world. Doctrines 2 The doctrines of traditional Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon [1]and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases[2], as well as in cosmological notions such as yin and yang[3] and the five phases[4]. In recent decades, attempts have been made to integrate these doctrines with modern notions of anatomy and pathology and a systematized form of TCM has been developed and promoted by the Chinese government. 3 TCM holds that the body’s vital energy (qi) circulates through channels and collaterals (jingluo) which have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. TCM’s view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body's functions, such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, aging etc. While health is perceived as the harmonious interaction of different functional entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as disharmony in the interaction. Diagnosis in TCM aims to trace symptoms to underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of a person, and the like. Chinese medication 4 The major prescription in Chinese medicine is one batch of “herbal medicine” prepared as a decoction. In fact, “herbal medicine” is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, many non-botanic substances are also utilized, including mineral substances and animal and human body parts. Thus, the term “medicinal” is usually preferred. Roughly 13,000 medicinals are being used in China and over 100,000 recipes are recorded in the ancient books of TCM. As is mentioned before, botanic elements play a major role of medicinals. Traditional Chinese therapies 5 Besides drug therapies, many other kinds of medical therapies are used in TCM. Acupuncture is used in traditional Chinese treatment to influence the flow of qi, which is believed to be a vital force that flows through our body. It is often accompanied by moxibustion which involves burning dried mugwort leaves on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. Another type of therapy used in Chinese medicine is cupping, in which several glass "cups" are placed on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands and then cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. Still another Chinese therapy is guasha, in which the skin is abraded with pieces of smooth jade, animal tusks or homs or smooth stones until red spots occur. 6 Food therapy, also called nutrition therapy or dietary therapy, is a mode of dieting rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism. Its basic concepts are a mix of Chinese folk views of eating in moderation and some viewpoints drawn from traditional Chinese medicine. Different foods are classified into two categories-yin and yang, and they are recommended to be consumed in a balanced fashion. Food therapy has long been a common approach to maintaining health among Chinese people, and has been popularized overseas in recent years. Spread of TCM 7 Traditional physicians, who also receive some Western medical training, are still primary caregivers in some parts of rural China. Various traditional preventative and self-healing techniques such as qigong, which combines gentle exercise and meditation, are widely practised as an adjunct to professional health care in China. 8 There are some efforts around the world to incorporate TCM into public health systems. The US National Institute of Health (NIH) noted that, “Acupuncture has the largest body of evidence and is considered safe if practiced correctly.” In the academic field, however, most scientific publications require that studies of traditional Chinese medicine follow the same methodological framework as studies of Western medicine. This rule gives primacy to Western approaches to medicine. Consequently, TCM is no longer independent, but is viewed within the context of Western medicine. TCM has come to be viewed by the mainstream medic community as complementary rather than the primary paradigm. This role negates the concept of TCM, which is holistic in nature and takes account of more signs and symptoms, both somatic and psychic than Western medicine. 9 Recently, however, Yale researchers brought some good news to TCM. They found that huangqin tang, a Chinese herb mixture, is effective at reducing chemotherapy's side effects, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Phase II clinical trials for the herb mixture are being funded by the NIH's National Cancer Institute. It exemplifies that TOM has the potential to go mainstream. [1] Yellow Emperor's inner Canon(《黄帝内经》 s the earliest written work about traditional chi medicine It was compiled during the Warring States Period and is regarded as the fundame doctnnal source of traditional Chinese medicine [2] Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases《伤寒杂病论》) s a Chinese medical treaties by Zhang Zhongjing at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. [3] Yin and yang (阴阳), in Chinese philosophy, describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and they interrelate to one another. [4] Five phases(五行),sometimes also translated as the five elements theory, presumes that the five elements-- wood (木), fire (火), earth (土), metal (金),and water (水)---are the foundation of everything in the universe.

    Traditional Chinese medicine 1 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice. It includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, exercises, and dietary therapy, and is recently also informed by modern Western medicine. TCM is widely used in China, and is becoming increasingly available in other countries around the world. Doctrines 2 The doctrines of traditional Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon [1]and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases[2], as well as in cosmological notions such as yin and yang[3] and the five phases[4]. In recent decades, attempts have been made to integrate these doctrines with modern notions of anatomy and pathology and a systematized form of TCM has been developed and promoted by the Chinese government. 3 TCM holds that the body’s vital energy (qi) circulates through channels and collaterals (jingluo) which have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. TCM’s view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body's functions, such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, aging etc. While health is perceived as the harmonious interaction of different functional entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as disharmony in the interaction. Diagnosis in TCM aims to trace symptoms to underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of a person, and the like. Chinese medication 4 The major prescription in Chinese medicine is one batch of “herbal medicine” prepared as a decoction. In fact, “herbal medicine” is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, many non-botanic substances are also utilized, including mineral substances and animal and human body parts. Thus, the term “medicinal” is usually preferred. Roughly 13,000 medicinals are being used in China and over 100,000 recipes are recorded in the ancient books of TCM. As is mentioned before, botanic elements play a major role of medicinals. Traditional Chinese therapies 5 Besides drug therapies, many other kinds of medical therapies are used in TCM. Acupuncture is used in traditional Chinese treatment to influence the flow of qi, which is believed to be a vital force that flows through our body. It is often accompanied by moxibustion which involves burning dried mugwort leaves on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. Another type of therapy used in Chinese medicine is cupping, in which several glass "cups" are placed on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands and then cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. Still another Chinese therapy is guasha, in which the skin is abraded with pieces of smooth jade, animal tusks or homs or smooth stones until red spots occur. 6 Food therapy, also called nutrition therapy or dietary therapy, is a mode of dieting rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism. Its basic concepts are a mix of Chinese folk views of eating in moderation and some viewpoints drawn from traditional Chinese medicine. Different foods are classified into two categories-yin and yang, and they are recommended to be consumed in a balanced fashion. Food therapy has long been a common approach to maintaining health among Chinese people, and has been popularized overseas in recent years. Spread of TCM 7 Traditional physicians, who also receive some Western medical training, are still primary caregivers in some parts of rural China. Various traditional preventative and self-healing techniques such as qigong, which combines gentle exercise and meditation, are widely practised as an adjunct to professional health care in China. 8 There are some efforts around the world to incorporate TCM into public health systems. The US National Institute of Health (NIH) noted that, “Acupuncture has the largest body of evidence and is considered safe if practiced correctly.” In the academic field, however, most scientific publications require that studies of traditional Chinese medicine follow the same methodological framework as studies of Western medicine. This rule gives primacy to Western approaches to medicine. Consequently, TCM is no longer independent, but is viewed within the context of Western medicine. TCM has come to be viewed by the mainstream medic community as complementary rather than the primary paradigm. This role negates the concept of TCM, which is holistic in nature and takes account of more signs and symptoms, both somatic and psychic than Western medicine. 9 Recently, however, Yale researchers brought some good news to TCM. They found that huangqin tang, a Chinese herb mixture, is effective at reducing chemotherapy's side effects, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Phase II clinical trials for the herb mixture are being funded by the NIH's National Cancer Institute. It exemplifies that TOM has the potential to go mainstream. [1] Yellow Emperor's inner Canon(《黄帝内经》 s the earliest written work about traditional chi medicine It was compiled during the Warring States Period and is regarded as the fundame doctnnal source of traditional Chinese medicine [2] Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases《伤寒杂病论》) s a Chinese medical treaties by Zhang Zhongjing at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. [3] Yin and yang (阴阳), in Chinese philosophy, describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and they interrelate to one another. [4] Five phases(五行),sometimes also translated as the five elements theory, presumes that the five elements-- wood (木), fire (火), earth (土), metal (金),and water (水)---are the foundation of everything in the universe.

  • 2022-06-08 问题

    Directions: There are ten sentences removed from the text marked A, B, C.... Find their proper places in the text and mark the choices A, B, C... on the answer sheet.Efforts to combat aging and extend human life date at least as far back as 3500 B.C., and self-proclaimed experts have touted anti-aging elixirs ever since.__1___, spurring Alexander the Great and Ponce de León to search for the legendary Fountain of Youth and feeding alchemists’ desire to manufacture gold (once believed to be the most potent anti-aging substance in existence). But the hawking of anti-aging “therapies” has taken a particularly troubling turn of late. Disturbingly large numbers of entrepreneurs are luring gullible and frequently desperate customers of all ages to “longevity” clinics, claiming a scientific basis for the anti-aging products they recommend and, often, sell. At the same time, the Internet has enabled those who seek lucre from supposed anti-aging products to new customers with ease. Alarmed by these trends, scientists who study aging have issued a position statement containing this warning: no currently marketed intervention- none-has yet been proved to slow, stop or reverse human aging, and some can be downright dangerous. __2___. Various definitions have been proposed, but we think of aging as the accumulation of random damage to the building blocks of life-especially to DNA, certain proteins, carbohydrates and lipids (fats)-that begins life early in life and eventually exceeds the body’s self-repair capabilities. This damage gradually impairs the functioning of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, thereby increasing vulnerability to disease and giving rise to the characteristic manifestations of aging, such as a loss of muscle and bone mass, a decline in reaction time, compromised hearing and vision, and reduced elasticity of skin. Aging, in our view, makes us ever more susceptible to such ills as heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and cancer, but these age-related conditions are superimposed on aging, not equivalent to it. Therefore, even if science could eliminate today’s leading killers of older individuals, aging would continue to occur, ensuring that different maladies would take their place. In addition, it would guarantee that one crucial body component or another-say, the cardiovascular system-would eventually experience a catastrophic failure. __3___.Men and women in the developed world typically live longer now (75 and 80 years, respectively) than they did throughout much of history (about 25 years) because human ingenuity-which brought us sanitation systems, vaccines, antibiotics and so on-has had phenomenal success in thwarting the infectious and parasitic diseases responsible for a great deal of premature death. __4___. Though inevitable, aging is not, as some might think, a genetically programmed process, playing itself out on a rigidly predetermined time schedule. The way evolution works makes it impossible for us to possess genes that are specifically designed to cause physiological decline with age or to control how long we live. Just as an automobile does not have a built-in plan for decline written in its blueprints, we do not possess genetic instructions that tell our bodies how to age or when to die. Without a doubt, a host of our genes influence aging, but they do so indirectly, as an inadvertent by-product of processes involved in growth, development, and the maintenance of health and vigor. __5___. A single genetic intervention in an organism as complex as a human being would have little chance of combating the probably vast array of genes and biological activities that play subtle, unpredictable part in the timing of our ultimate demise. On what grounds do we assert so vehemently that no purported anti-aging intervention has been proved to modify aging? To assess whether an intervention has affected a biological process, researchers need a yardstick for measuring that process. In this case, no single or aggregate age-related phenomenon has proved to be a reliable indicator of the rate of aging in humans or other species. __6___. Some people might wonder whether following today's public health recommendations for diet and exercise can serve as a more natural Fountain of Youth. Good nutrition and regular exercise do reduce the risk of various diseases and, in that way, may extend the duration of life for many people-thereby serving as the best current prescription for a long and healthy life. __7___. Another avenue of research may also lead to true aging interventions. Investigators have known for decades that caloric restriction extends life and the duration of good health in all species in which it has been studied, as long as the diet includes enough nutrition for routine maintenance of the body. __8___. Given that few people would ever reduce their food intake enough to lengthen their lives, biologists are now trying to discover the mechanism that underlies the benefits of caloric restriction and to find agents that might mimic those helpful effects in people without forcing them to go hungry. A number of scientists look at current research trends and feel hopeful. They can envision a time when treatments based on an understanding of aging can help slow its progression and when not yet specialized (stem) cells can be coaxed to repair and rejuvenate damaged tissues, enabling people to remain vigorous longer than they would without medical assistance. __9___. Some assert that aging’s complexity will forever militate against the development of anti-aging therapies. One thing is indisputable: the number of elderly people is growing worldwide, and opportunists stand steady to cash in on the burgeoning market for anti-aging products. The public needs to know that the products sold as anti-aging remedies at longevity clinics and elsewhere have no scientifically proven efficacy and may at times be harmful. Systematic investigations into aging and its modification are in progress and could one day provide methods to slow our inevitable decline and extend health and longevity.__10___. People might well recognize the paucity of proof but decide to try a putative anti-aging intervention anyway, thinking they have little to lose. They should think again. 1. A: Not all researchers share that optimism, though. B: Any discussion of aging should first clarify its terms. C: It is an inescapable biological reality that once the engine of life switches on, the body inevitably sows the seeds of its own destruction. D: Indeed, the prospect of immortality has always had universal appeal. E: These findings suggest that caloric restriction might have similar effects in humans. F: We live longer now not because we have altered the way we age but because we have altered the way we live. G: The lack of a specific genetic program for aging and death means that there are no quick fixes that will permit us to treat aging as if it were a disease. H: Without a yardstick, there can be no assurance that an intervention was successful. I: As is true of other interventions, though, no one has shown that diet or exercise, or both, directly influences aging. J: That day, however, has not yet dawned yet.

    Directions: There are ten sentences removed from the text marked A, B, C.... Find their proper places in the text and mark the choices A, B, C... on the answer sheet.Efforts to combat aging and extend human life date at least as far back as 3500 B.C., and self-proclaimed experts have touted anti-aging elixirs ever since.__1___, spurring Alexander the Great and Ponce de León to search for the legendary Fountain of Youth and feeding alchemists’ desire to manufacture gold (once believed to be the most potent anti-aging substance in existence). But the hawking of anti-aging “therapies” has taken a particularly troubling turn of late. Disturbingly large numbers of entrepreneurs are luring gullible and frequently desperate customers of all ages to “longevity” clinics, claiming a scientific basis for the anti-aging products they recommend and, often, sell. At the same time, the Internet has enabled those who seek lucre from supposed anti-aging products to new customers with ease. Alarmed by these trends, scientists who study aging have issued a position statement containing this warning: no currently marketed intervention- none-has yet been proved to slow, stop or reverse human aging, and some can be downright dangerous. __2___. Various definitions have been proposed, but we think of aging as the accumulation of random damage to the building blocks of life-especially to DNA, certain proteins, carbohydrates and lipids (fats)-that begins life early in life and eventually exceeds the body’s self-repair capabilities. This damage gradually impairs the functioning of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, thereby increasing vulnerability to disease and giving rise to the characteristic manifestations of aging, such as a loss of muscle and bone mass, a decline in reaction time, compromised hearing and vision, and reduced elasticity of skin. Aging, in our view, makes us ever more susceptible to such ills as heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and cancer, but these age-related conditions are superimposed on aging, not equivalent to it. Therefore, even if science could eliminate today’s leading killers of older individuals, aging would continue to occur, ensuring that different maladies would take their place. In addition, it would guarantee that one crucial body component or another-say, the cardiovascular system-would eventually experience a catastrophic failure. __3___.Men and women in the developed world typically live longer now (75 and 80 years, respectively) than they did throughout much of history (about 25 years) because human ingenuity-which brought us sanitation systems, vaccines, antibiotics and so on-has had phenomenal success in thwarting the infectious and parasitic diseases responsible for a great deal of premature death. __4___. Though inevitable, aging is not, as some might think, a genetically programmed process, playing itself out on a rigidly predetermined time schedule. The way evolution works makes it impossible for us to possess genes that are specifically designed to cause physiological decline with age or to control how long we live. Just as an automobile does not have a built-in plan for decline written in its blueprints, we do not possess genetic instructions that tell our bodies how to age or when to die. Without a doubt, a host of our genes influence aging, but they do so indirectly, as an inadvertent by-product of processes involved in growth, development, and the maintenance of health and vigor. __5___. A single genetic intervention in an organism as complex as a human being would have little chance of combating the probably vast array of genes and biological activities that play subtle, unpredictable part in the timing of our ultimate demise. On what grounds do we assert so vehemently that no purported anti-aging intervention has been proved to modify aging? To assess whether an intervention has affected a biological process, researchers need a yardstick for measuring that process. In this case, no single or aggregate age-related phenomenon has proved to be a reliable indicator of the rate of aging in humans or other species. __6___. Some people might wonder whether following today's public health recommendations for diet and exercise can serve as a more natural Fountain of Youth. Good nutrition and regular exercise do reduce the risk of various diseases and, in that way, may extend the duration of life for many people-thereby serving as the best current prescription for a long and healthy life. __7___. Another avenue of research may also lead to true aging interventions. Investigators have known for decades that caloric restriction extends life and the duration of good health in all species in which it has been studied, as long as the diet includes enough nutrition for routine maintenance of the body. __8___. Given that few people would ever reduce their food intake enough to lengthen their lives, biologists are now trying to discover the mechanism that underlies the benefits of caloric restriction and to find agents that might mimic those helpful effects in people without forcing them to go hungry. A number of scientists look at current research trends and feel hopeful. They can envision a time when treatments based on an understanding of aging can help slow its progression and when not yet specialized (stem) cells can be coaxed to repair and rejuvenate damaged tissues, enabling people to remain vigorous longer than they would without medical assistance. __9___. Some assert that aging’s complexity will forever militate against the development of anti-aging therapies. One thing is indisputable: the number of elderly people is growing worldwide, and opportunists stand steady to cash in on the burgeoning market for anti-aging products. The public needs to know that the products sold as anti-aging remedies at longevity clinics and elsewhere have no scientifically proven efficacy and may at times be harmful. Systematic investigations into aging and its modification are in progress and could one day provide methods to slow our inevitable decline and extend health and longevity.__10___. People might well recognize the paucity of proof but decide to try a putative anti-aging intervention anyway, thinking they have little to lose. They should think again. 1. A: Not all researchers share that optimism, though. B: Any discussion of aging should first clarify its terms. C: It is an inescapable biological reality that once the engine of life switches on, the body inevitably sows the seeds of its own destruction. D: Indeed, the prospect of immortality has always had universal appeal. E: These findings suggest that caloric restriction might have similar effects in humans. F: We live longer now not because we have altered the way we age but because we have altered the way we live. G: The lack of a specific genetic program for aging and death means that there are no quick fixes that will permit us to treat aging as if it were a disease. H: Without a yardstick, there can be no assurance that an intervention was successful. I: As is true of other interventions, though, no one has shown that diet or exercise, or both, directly influences aging. J: That day, however, has not yet dawned yet.

  • 2021-04-14 问题

    Read the following passage and then do the exercises (multiple choice) given below. Objectives relating to knowledge Graduates completing basic medical education should have knowledge of the following areas: 1. Scientific method relevant to biological, behavioural and social sciences at a level sufficient to understand the basis for present medical practice, and to assimilate the advances in knowledge that will occur over their working life. 2. The normal structure, function and development of the human body and mind at all stages of life, the interactions between body and mind, and the factors that may disturb these. 3. The etiology, pathology, symptoms and signs, natural history, and prognosis of common mental and physical ailments in children, adolescents, adults and the aged. (Graduates should have a detailed knowledge of the conditions that require urgent treatment and those that are of particular local significance.) 4. Common diagnostic procedures, their uses and limitations. 5. Management of common conditions including pharmacological, physical, nutritional and psychological therapies. 6. Normal pregnancy and childbirth, the more common obstetrical emergencies, the principles of antenatal and postnatal care, and medical aspects of family planning. 7. The principles of health education, disease prevention, amelioration of suffering and disability, rehabilitation, and the care of the dying. 8. Cultural and social factors affecting human relationships, the psychological well-being of patients and their families, and the interactions between humans and their social and physical environment. 9. Systems of provision of health care including their advantages and limitations, the costs associated with health care, the principles of efficient and equitable allocation of finite resources, and methods of meeting the health care needs of disadvantaged groups within the community. 10. The principles of ethics that relate to health care and the legal responsibilities of the medical profession. Objectives relating to skills Graduates completing basic medical education should have developed the following skills to an appropriate level for their stage of training: 1. The ability to take a tactful, accurate, organized and problem-focused medical history. 2. The ability to perform an accurate physical and mental state examination. 3. The ability to choose the appropriate and practical clinical skills to apply in a given situation. 4. The ability to interpret and integrate the history and physical examination findings to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis or differential diagnosis. 5. The ability to select the most appropriate and cost-effective diagnostic procedures. 6. The ability to formulate a management plan, and to plan management in concert with the patient. 7. The ability to communicate clearly, considerately and sensitively with patients, relatives, doctors, nurses, other health professionals and the community. 8. The ability to counsel sensitively and effectively, and to provide information in a manner that ensures patients and families can be truly informed when consenting to any procedure. 9. The ability to recognize serious illness and to perform common emergency and life-saving procedures such as caring for the unconscious patient and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 10. The ability to interpret medical evidence in a critical and scientific manner, and to use libraries and other information resources to pursue independent inquiry relating to medical problems. Objectives relating to attitudes as they affect professional behaviour During basic medical education, students should acquire the following professional attitudes, which are regarded as fundamental to medical practice: 1. Respect for every human being, with an appreciation of the diversity of human background and cultural values. 2. An appreciation of the complexity of ethical issues related to human life and death including the allocation of scarce resources. 3. A desire to ease pain and suffering. 4. An awareness of the need to communicate with patients and their families, and to involve them fully in planning management of their condition. 5. A desire to achieve the optimal patient care for the least cost to allow maximum benefit from the available resources. 6. Recognition that the health interests of the patient and the community are paramount. 7. A willingness to work effectively in a team with other health care professionals. 8. An appreciation of the responsibility to maintain standards of medical practice at the highest possible level throughout a professional career. 9. An appreciation of the need to recognize when a clinical problem exceeds their capacity to deal with it safely and efficiently and of the need to refer the patient for help from others when this occurs. 10. A realization that it is not always in the interests of patients or their families to do everything which is technically possible to make a precise diagnosis or to attempt to modify the course of an illness. From World Health Organization Western Pacific Region(2001), WHO Guidelines for Quality Assurance of Basic Medical Education in the Western Pacific Region a)According to the passage medical education quality system may including all of the following aspects of competences but __________.

    Read the following passage and then do the exercises (multiple choice) given below. Objectives relating to knowledge Graduates completing basic medical education should have knowledge of the following areas: 1. Scientific method relevant to biological, behavioural and social sciences at a level sufficient to understand the basis for present medical practice, and to assimilate the advances in knowledge that will occur over their working life. 2. The normal structure, function and development of the human body and mind at all stages of life, the interactions between body and mind, and the factors that may disturb these. 3. The etiology, pathology, symptoms and signs, natural history, and prognosis of common mental and physical ailments in children, adolescents, adults and the aged. (Graduates should have a detailed knowledge of the conditions that require urgent treatment and those that are of particular local significance.) 4. Common diagnostic procedures, their uses and limitations. 5. Management of common conditions including pharmacological, physical, nutritional and psychological therapies. 6. Normal pregnancy and childbirth, the more common obstetrical emergencies, the principles of antenatal and postnatal care, and medical aspects of family planning. 7. The principles of health education, disease prevention, amelioration of suffering and disability, rehabilitation, and the care of the dying. 8. Cultural and social factors affecting human relationships, the psychological well-being of patients and their families, and the interactions between humans and their social and physical environment. 9. Systems of provision of health care including their advantages and limitations, the costs associated with health care, the principles of efficient and equitable allocation of finite resources, and methods of meeting the health care needs of disadvantaged groups within the community. 10. The principles of ethics that relate to health care and the legal responsibilities of the medical profession. Objectives relating to skills Graduates completing basic medical education should have developed the following skills to an appropriate level for their stage of training: 1. The ability to take a tactful, accurate, organized and problem-focused medical history. 2. The ability to perform an accurate physical and mental state examination. 3. The ability to choose the appropriate and practical clinical skills to apply in a given situation. 4. The ability to interpret and integrate the history and physical examination findings to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis or differential diagnosis. 5. The ability to select the most appropriate and cost-effective diagnostic procedures. 6. The ability to formulate a management plan, and to plan management in concert with the patient. 7. The ability to communicate clearly, considerately and sensitively with patients, relatives, doctors, nurses, other health professionals and the community. 8. The ability to counsel sensitively and effectively, and to provide information in a manner that ensures patients and families can be truly informed when consenting to any procedure. 9. The ability to recognize serious illness and to perform common emergency and life-saving procedures such as caring for the unconscious patient and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 10. The ability to interpret medical evidence in a critical and scientific manner, and to use libraries and other information resources to pursue independent inquiry relating to medical problems. Objectives relating to attitudes as they affect professional behaviour During basic medical education, students should acquire the following professional attitudes, which are regarded as fundamental to medical practice: 1. Respect for every human being, with an appreciation of the diversity of human background and cultural values. 2. An appreciation of the complexity of ethical issues related to human life and death including the allocation of scarce resources. 3. A desire to ease pain and suffering. 4. An awareness of the need to communicate with patients and their families, and to involve them fully in planning management of their condition. 5. A desire to achieve the optimal patient care for the least cost to allow maximum benefit from the available resources. 6. Recognition that the health interests of the patient and the community are paramount. 7. A willingness to work effectively in a team with other health care professionals. 8. An appreciation of the responsibility to maintain standards of medical practice at the highest possible level throughout a professional career. 9. An appreciation of the need to recognize when a clinical problem exceeds their capacity to deal with it safely and efficiently and of the need to refer the patient for help from others when this occurs. 10. A realization that it is not always in the interests of patients or their families to do everything which is technically possible to make a precise diagnosis or to attempt to modify the course of an illness. From World Health Organization Western Pacific Region(2001), WHO Guidelines for Quality Assurance of Basic Medical Education in the Western Pacific Region a)According to the passage medical education quality system may including all of the following aspects of competences but __________.

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