Passage 4 A U.S. male brought up on the East Coast of America stands eight to twenty inches away from another male when in conversation. In talking to a woman he will increase the distance by about four inches. To stand at a distance of about thirteen inches usually has a sexual or aggressive connotation. However, in most parts of Latin America thirteen inches is just the right distance when talking with a person. When a man brought up in a Latin American environment tries to talk to a man brought up on the East Coast of the United States an interesting thing happens. The Latin will try to maintain what he considers the right talking distance. The American will step back. Both will feel uncomfortable without quite understanding why. All they know is that there is something wrong with the other one. Most culture-blind Latins feel that the Americans are withdrawn and uncommunicative. Most culture-blind Americans think that Latins are pushy. In most American urban areas, to be two minutes late for an appointment is all right. Three minutes is significant, but an apology is not expected. After five minutes the latercomer mutters an apology. In most Latin countries a five-minute unit is not important, an apology is expected only for a time unit longer than twenty minutes. Latins, influenced by their own cultural conditioning, feel that Americans are not polite and are obsessed with time because they expect persons with whom they have appointments to be at a certain place at precisely a given time. A person unfamiliar with North American cultural conditioning has difficulty realizing that Americans handle time much like some tangible material – spending it, taking it, using it up or wasting it. Different people live almost literally in different worlds, not just the same world with different names attached. The barriers between cultures would perhaps be relatively unimportant if only a few people were crossing international borders. But people the world over are on the move today as never before, traveling for business and more for seeing and experiencing other ways of life. All this has its obvious benefits. At the same time, however, there are some dangers, particularly for a person who plans to spend any appreciable amount of time in another culture. One of these dangers is the sense of confusion and misunderstanding that social psychologists call culture shock. A person who enters a foreign culture ordinarily passes through three phases of adjustment. First, he is a spectator; he observes what is going on around him but does not participate. Second, he become personally involved in the ways of the foreign culture and tries to come to terms with them. Finally, either he will have mastered the new situation and will get along smoothly in the new culture or he will realize that his own culture is the only workable one for him. In the first phase, that of spectator, the initial reaction to a new country is likely to be one of curiosity and delight. Everything looks interesting. However, a few weeks’ time change one’s perception of the environment. Living in a country is quite different from just visiting it. As the person begins to move into the second and most difficult phase, that of participation and personal involvement in the unfamiliar culture, he becomes aware of the differences that exist between himself and the people with whom he is living. The situations which, in his first phase as spectator, were interesting are now incomprehensible and perhaps even unpleasant. He feels that he can’t get through to them and he becomes uneasy and insecure because he doesn’t know the right way of doing things. Culture shock is precipitated by the distressing feelings of uncertainty and anxiety that result from not finding all the familiar symbols, signs, and cues that guide a person through her own culture. She finds herself having to use a different design for living. She doesn’t know what people expect of her and what she should expect. She is not sure when to shake hands, how much to tip, where to buy things she needs, or what to say to waiters, and she finds that the social etiquette she has learned is no longer useful. Culture shock is often accompanied by a linguistic shock that makes it even more difficult to cross the cultural barriers. When I was suffering linguistic shock, English sentence would sound to me like a long, unpronounceable string of harsh noises. At that time I deeply regretted that I had chosen to learn English instead of some sensible language. I couldn’t see why the English people had to use these odd, barbaric utterances instead of speaking with normal human words like everyone else. I sometimes had the feeling that Americans spoke English in order to confuse unsuspecting foreigners. 96. The statement “the Latin will try to maintain what he considers the right talking distance” implies that the Latin will _____.

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2021-04-14

Passage 4 A U.S. male brought up on the East Coast of America stands eight to twenty inches away from another male when in conversation. In talking to a woman he will increase the distance by about four inches. To stand at a distance of about thirteen inches usually has a sexual or aggressive connotation. However, in most parts of Latin America thirteen inches is just the right distance when talking with a person. When a man brought up in a Latin American environment tries to talk to a man brought up on the East Coast of the United States an interesting thing happens. The Latin will try to maintain what he considers the right talking distance. The American will step back. Both will feel uncomfortable without quite understanding why. All they know is that there is something wrong with the other one. Most culture-blind Latins feel that the Americans are withdrawn and uncommunicative. Most culture-blind Americans think that Latins are pushy. In most American urban areas, to be two minutes late for an appointment is all right. Three minutes is significant, but an apology is not expected. After five minutes the latercomer mutters an apology. In most Latin countries a five-minute unit is not important, an apology is expected only for a time unit longer than twenty minutes. Latins, influenced by their own cultural conditioning, feel that Americans are not polite and are obsessed with time because they expect persons with whom they have appointments to be at a certain place at precisely a given time. A person unfamiliar with North American cultural conditioning has difficulty realizing that Americans handle time much like some tangible material – spending it, taking it, using it up or wasting it. Different people live almost literally in different worlds, not just the same world with different names attached. The barriers between cultures would perhaps be relatively unimportant if only a few people were crossing international borders. But people the world over are on the move today as never before, traveling for business and more for seeing and experiencing other ways of life. All this has its obvious benefits. At the same time, however, there are some dangers, particularly for a person who plans to spend any appreciable amount of time in another culture. One of these dangers is the sense of confusion and misunderstanding that social psychologists call culture shock. A person who enters a foreign culture ordinarily passes through three phases of adjustment. First, he is a spectator; he observes what is going on around him but does not participate. Second, he become personally involved in the ways of the foreign culture and tries to come to terms with them. Finally, either he will have mastered the new situation and will get along smoothly in the new culture or he will realize that his own culture is the only workable one for him. In the first phase, that of spectator, the initial reaction to a new country is likely to be one of curiosity and delight. Everything looks interesting. However, a few weeks’ time change one’s perception of the environment. Living in a country is quite different from just visiting it. As the person begins to move into the second and most difficult phase, that of participation and personal involvement in the unfamiliar culture, he becomes aware of the differences that exist between himself and the people with whom he is living. The situations which, in his first phase as spectator, were interesting are now incomprehensible and perhaps even unpleasant. He feels that he can’t get through to them and he becomes uneasy and insecure because he doesn’t know the right way of doing things. Culture shock is precipitated by the distressing feelings of uncertainty and anxiety that result from not finding all the familiar symbols, signs, and cues that guide a person through her own culture. She finds herself having to use a different design for living. She doesn’t know what people expect of her and what she should expect. She is not sure when to shake hands, how much to tip, where to buy things she needs, or what to say to waiters, and she finds that the social etiquette she has learned is no longer useful. Culture shock is often accompanied by a linguistic shock that makes it even more difficult to cross the cultural barriers. When I was suffering linguistic shock, English sentence would sound to me like a long, unpronounceable string of harsh noises. At that time I deeply regretted that I had chosen to learn English instead of some sensible language. I couldn’t see why the English people had to use these odd, barbaric utterances instead of speaking with normal human words like everyone else. I sometimes had the feeling that Americans spoke English in order to confuse unsuspecting foreigners. 96. The statement “the Latin will try to maintain what he considers the right talking distance” implies that the Latin will _____.

答案：

try to keep the talking distance at about thirteen inches

举一反三

内容

0
Which of the following may NOT be a person's reaction to culture shock A) He feels frustrated. C) He feels uncomfortable. B) He feels like going back home. D) He feels eager to learn everything. A: Which of the following may NOT be a person's reaction to culture shock B: He feels frustrated. C: He feels like going back home. D: He feels uncomfortable. E: He feels eager to learn everything.
1
For Alex, when he’s talking to any Chinese person that doesn’t know English, he has to ______.
2
An expatriate is a person who lives in a culture different from the culture in which he grows up.
3
Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is defferent from one's own.
4
Passage 4 Personal Space Alice and Jimmy are facing one another. As she steps backward, he steps forward. Then he takes another step forward, and she turns outward. He then turns outward, and she turns toward him and takes a step in his direction. He turns back toward her and also moves forward. They pause for a second, and each moves backward and turns slightly away from the other. Have Alice and Jimmy learned the latest disco dance? Were they playing tennis or softball? No, Alice and Jimmy were simply carrying on a conversation about their English professor. In addition to expressing their ideas through words, they were communicating nonverbally through their use of space and personal distance. Each was attempting to maintain a certain distance from the other, although their preferred distances were not always the same. Sometimes Alice wanted more space than Jimmy, and sometimes Jimmy wanted more space than Alice. These differences led to the fancy footwork of moving backward and forward, inward and outward. Each person’s preferred distance also changed throughout the conversation. When Alice disagreed with Jimmy, he wanted more space; when she flirted, he wanted less distance between them. The distance or space that Alice and Jimmy were manipulating is called personal space and is the three-dimensional area of space is a portable territory with invisible boundaries that expand or contract depending on the situation. Individuals carry it around with them constantly and position themselves in conversations in a way that will maintain it. Julie needs very little personal space and is constantly moving closer to people in order to reach the distance she prefers. Sandy, on the other hand, needs more personal space and frequently finds herself backed up against walls as a result of trying to move away from people. Each tries to maintain her personal space, although she may not always be successful. The purpose and function of personal space have been analyzed. Jimmy stands 4 feet from his boss, 8 feet from his congressman, 2 feet from his mother, and 10 inches from his girlfriend. Why is his personal space different for each person? According to this theory, Jimmy’s body-bufferzone is greatest for the congressman because the congressman is very intimidating to him. On the other hand, his girlfriend is least threatening to him so he maintains the smallest distance with her. Perhaps, the most important characteristic of personal space is that it is variable. Some people need more personal space than others. Furthermore, our personal space needs vary depending on our sex, age, cultural background, and relationship to the people with whom we are interacting. Another important characteristic of personal space is that it interacts with other dimensions of nonverbal communication. For example, our perception and use of space depends on whether people are standing, sitting, or lying down. They also depend on whether we are facing or turned away from one another, how much touching can and does occur, how much of each other we physically can see, how loud our voices are, and whether or not body odors or heat can be detected. Mary may feel “too close” to Tom even though she is 6 feet away from him. However, even at that distance she can smell unpleasant body smells; her ears hurt from his loud voice; and she doesn’t like the fact that he is looking directly into her eyes. Mark, on the other hand, does not feel too close to Jane, even though they are only 8 inches apart. However, they are sitting back to back, cannot see one another, and are having difficulty in hearing one another. Several different factors are thought to influence personal-space needs. The most obvious one is perhaps relationship between people. Some researchers identified four distinct categories of informal space associated with four different types of relationships. According to these researchers, personal space can be divided into 4 categories: intimate, casual-personal, sicioconsultive, and public. Intimate distance, from 0 to 18 inches, is used by people who are involved with one another on a personal level. Causal-personal distance, from 1.5 to 4 is conducted from 4 to 8 feet, or at a socio-consultive distance. Finally, public distance ranged from 8 feet to the limits of a person’s vision or hearing. Another obvious factor influencing personal space is personality. Although the findings have been inconclusive, the research has been very conclusive in the related area of personality problems. The research related to it supports the opinion that the boundaries of personal space represent “body-buffer zones” used to protect people from emotional and physical threats. (760 words) 96. The first paragraph describes Alice and Jimmy’s during their conversation.