WorkandPlayWhatdowemeanbyleisure,andwhyshouldweassumethatitrepresentsaproblemtobesolvedbytheartsThegreatagesofartwerenotconspicuousfortheirleisure-atleast,artwasnotanactivityassociatedwithleisure.Itwasacraftlikeanyother,concernedwiththemakingofnecessarythings.Leisure,inthepresentmeaningoftheword,didnotexist.Leisure,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,meantnomorethan"time"or"opportunity";"Ifyourleisureserved,Iwouldspeakwithyou",saysoneofShakespeare’’scharacters.Phraseswhichwestilluse,suchas"atyourleisure",preservethisoriginalmeaning.Butwhenwespeakofleisurenowadays,wearenotthinkingofsecuringtimeoropportunitytodosomething;timeisheavyonourhandsandtheproblemishowtofillit.Leisurenolongersignifiesaspacewithsomedifficultysecuredagainstthepressureofevents:ratheritisapervasiveemptinessforwhichwemustinventoccupations.Leisureisavacuum,adesperatestateofvacancy-avacancyofmindandbody.Ithasbeencommandeeredbythesociologistsandthepsychologists:itisaproblem.Ourdiurnalexistenceisdividedintotwophases,asdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworksomanyhoursaday,and,whenwehaveallowedthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping,therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreations,anelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisure,butspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment-notfootballbutwatchingfootballmatches;notacting,buttheatre-going;notwalking,butridinginamotorcoach.Weneedtomake,therefore,ahardandfastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybut,equally,betweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.Itis,Isuppose,thedeclineofactiveplayofamateursportandtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhasgivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulation,insteadofindulginginsport,spendtheirhoursofleisureviewingtelevisionprogrammes,therewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.And,inaddition,therewillbeapsychologicalproblem,forwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofaprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.Thereis,ifweareoptimistic,thepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhoseethem:fewpeoplecangiveacoherentaccountofthefilmtheysawtheweekbeforelast,andatlongerintervalstheymustrelyonthemanagementtoseethattheydonotsitthroughthesamefilmtwice.Wehavetoliveartifwewouldbeaffectedbyart.Wehavetopaintratherthanlookatpaintings,toplayinstrumentsratherthangotoconcerts,todanceandsingandactourselves,engagingalloursensesintheritualanddisciplineofthearts.Thensomethingmaybegintohappentous:toworkuponourbodiesandoursouls.Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactive,participatedin,practised,thatitcanproperlybecalledplay,andassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttowork,andisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Itistherethatthefinalandmostfundamentalerrorentersintoourconceptionofdailylife.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving:toearn,thatistosay,sufficienttokenswhichwecanexchangeforfoodandshelterandalltheotherneedsofourexistence.Butsomeofusworkphysically,tillingtheland,mindingthemachines,diggingthecoal;othersworkmentally,keepingaccounts,inventingmachines,teachingandpreaching,managingandgoverning.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupations,exceptthattheyconsumeourtime,andleaveuslittleleisure.Wemaynextobservethatoneman’’sprofessionorworkisoftenanotherman’’srecreationorplay.Themerchantattheweekendbecomesahunter(hehasnotyettakentomining);theclerkbecomesagardener;themachine-tenderbecomesabreederofbull-terriers.Thereis,ofcourse,asoundinstinctbehindsuchtransformations.Thebodyandmindareunconsciouslyseekingcompensation-muscularcoordination,mentalintegration.Butinmanycasesadissociationissetupandtheindividualleadsadoublelife-onehalfJekyll,theotherhalfHyde.ThereisaprofoundmoralbehindthatstoryofStevenson’’s,forthecompensationwhichadisintegratedpersonalitymayseekwilloftenbeofananti-socialnature.TheNaziparty,forexample,initsearlydayswaslargelyrecruitedfromthebored-notsomuchfromtheunemployedasfromthestreet-cornersocietyoflistlesshooligans.Scientificstudieshavebeenmadeofstreet-cornersociety,outofwhichcrime,gangsterdom,andfascisminevitablydevelop.Itisasocietywithleisure-thatistosay,sparetime—andwithoutcompensatoryoccupation.ItdoesnotneedaSatantofindmischiefforsuchidlehandstodo.Theywillspontaneouslyitchtodosomething:muscleshavealifeoftheirownunlesstheyaretrainedtopurposefulactions.Actions,orratheractivities,aretheobviousreflextoleisure;theyconsumeit,andleavetheproblemsolved.Butworkisalsoactivity,andifwereachtheconclusionthatallourtimemustbefilledwithoneactivityoranother,thedistinctionbetweenworkandplaybecomesrathermeaningless,andwhatwemeanbyplayismerelyachangeofoccupation.Wepassfromoneformofactivitytoanother;onewecallwork,andforthatwereceivepay;theotherwecallplay,andforthatwereceivenopay-onthecontrary,weprobablypayasubscription.Thewords"work"and"play"aregenerallyusedtorefertodayandnight. A: Y B: N C: NG