Exercise28 Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletter. Isitcheapertobeawoman--oraman? A.Tocelebratethelaunchofgenderequalityinfinancialservices,Moneyexploredotherareasofspendingtofindoutifthere’sdiscrimination—andaftercrunchingthenumbersfoundthecostofbeingawomanis(mildlyunscientifically)6%morethanaman. Clothes B.Someretailerschargedifferentpricesfornearidenticalitems,dependingonwhetheryouareinthemen’sorthewomen’ssections.Youmightthinkthatmen’sclothesshouldcostmoreastheyarelikelytoinvolvemorematerial,andthisisthecaseatsomeshops-atUniqlo,forinstance，skinnyjeansare£5more,acashmeresweater£10more.However,otherretailerschargewomenmore:atNext,forexample,youwillpay£24fora“supersoftrobe”dressinggown,whileaman’sis£22.Women’sLevi’sjeansare£20morethanthe£70formen’s501s.Overall,wheretherewasadifference,ifyouboughtthesamenumberofidenticalgarments,youwouldpaymoreasaman.ThisseemstobeborneoutbytransactiondatafromBarclaycardwhichshowsthatamongstitscustomers,womenspendanaverageof£59atimeonclothes,whileformenitis£65. C.Butacrossthecourseofayear,womendohaveamuchbiggeroutlay(花费).ThelatestONS(OfficeforNationalStatistics)surveyonhouseholdspendingshowsthatin2011itwasanaverage£244ayearonmen’sclothes,againstanaverageof£458onwomen’sclothes.Women’sshoesaccountedfor£109ayear,whilemen’scost£68.Men’saccessoriescost£10ayear,whilewomen’s£21.Addthisallupandonaveragewomenarespending£588ayearontheirwardrobes,whilemenareshellingout(花大笔钱)£322. Single-sexspending D.TheONSalsohasdataforthecostofunderwear--anditmaynotbeasurprisethathouseholdspendingonwomen’sunderwearishigher,atanaverageof£57.20ayearversus£26formen.AtriptoMarks&Spencerestablishedthatmen’spantscostmorethanknickers,butwomenfaceadditionalcostsfortightsandbras.Asurveyearlierthisyearsuggestedtheaveragewomanhasninebrasinherunderweardrawer-evenifyougoforMarks&Spencer’sbasictwo-packofwhitebras,thatmeansanoutlayofalmost£70,andyouwillneedtoreplacethematsomepoint. E)Anotheritemwomenwillhavetobuypurelybecauseoftheirgenderissanitaryproducts.Theaveragewomanhasperiodsforatleast30yearsofherlifeandtheaveragecycleis28days,soshehas13ayear.Assumingherperiodlastsfivedaysandsheusesfoursanitarytowelsaday,that’s260ayear.Apacketof26AlwaysUltracosts£3.85inBoots,sothataddsupto£38.50ayear,oratleast£1155overalifetime.Fortampons(assuming20cost£1.99)theoutlayislikelytobearound£776over30years. F)Formanywomen,thecostofmake-upaddsaconsiderableamounteachmonth.TheONSsays£2.70aweek,or£140ayear,isspentoncosmetics.Menmightarguethattheyneedtobuyrazors(剃须刀),butsodomanywomen-andtheytendtocostmore.AtBoots,apackof10WilkinsonSwordrazorsaimedatthefemalemarketcost£4.39-£1.30morethanasimilarproductaimedatmen. Thecostofliving G)Thereareothercoststhataredictatedbynature.Women,forexample,areadvisedtohaveanaveragecalorieintakeof2000aday,whileamanneeds2500tomaintainhisweight,somenneed25%morecalorieseveryday.Thiswillnotnecessarilycost25%more-youcanbulkupamealbythrowinginmoreofthecheaperstaplessuchaspastaandriceetc.,butitwilladdtothecost.AsurveyofUSofficeworkersfoundthatmenwhoboughttakeawaysandwicheswerespendingalmostdoubleonluncheachweekthantheirfemalecounterparts. H)Womenarealsoadvisedtodrinkless-twotothreeunitsadayagainstthethreeorfourguidelineformen.Abottleofwineat13.5%alcoholcontains10.13units.Ifitcosts£4.99,assumingyouhavethemaximumeachday,asawomanyouwillspend£1.47andasaman£1.96.That’sabigassumption--manypeopledrinkless,somemore. I)Onebigthingtorememberisthatalthoughalcoholmaybeapreservative,womenarelikelytolivelonger,andwillthereforehavetomeettheirlivingcostsformoreyears.In2010theaveragelifeexpectancyatbirthwas82forwomenand78formen:thatmeansforkingoutforfood,heating,travel,entertainment,forfourextrayears.Thechangetoannuityratesbroughtinbythegenderdirectivemeansthatwomenwillgetthesameincomeasaman,regardlessofthefactthattheyareexpectedtolivelonger,buttheywillneedtofactortheseyearsofextraspendingintotheirothersavings. Haircuts J)Askmostmenhowmuchtheypayforahaircutandthey’llprobablysayaroundatennerattheirlocalbarber.Unlesstheyarefriendswithahairdresser,womenwillusuallyspendatleastdoublethat.Thiswillbeinpartbecausetheygotodifferentplacesfortheircuts,butevenifamanandawomanwalkedintothesamesalonthewomanwouldprobablyenduppayingmore. K)Manysalonshavestoppedpricingaccordingtosex,butsomequotedifferentcostsaccordingtothelengthofhair,whichmeanswomenarelikelytoendupspendingmore.InSupercuts,forexample,pricesareadvertisedasstartingfrom£13.95foracutand£16.95foracutandwash.Atmylocalsalonthehairdressersaidamanwouldpay£16.95or£18.95,whileacutandshampooofmyshoulder-lengthhairwouldcost£23.90. L)Bythispointyoumaywellbeshouting“Ineedtobuyrazorsfarmoreoftenthanmygirlfriend”or“Ihavetospendonmyhair,you’reabaldie(光头)”,andofcourseyourindividualcircumstanceswillaffectyourspendinghabitsandneeds-oryoumayhaveotherexamplesofinstanceswherepricingisdifferentforeachsex. 1.Intermsofasingledayoryear,menusuallyconsumemorealcoholthanwomen. 2.Morematerialusedmakesthemen’sclothesmoreexpensivethanwomen’satUniqlo. 3.People’sspendinghabitsandneedsaredifferentaccordingtotheirownsituations. 4.AccordingtotheONS,women’sspendingonunderwearismorethantwiceasmuchasthatofmen’s. 5.Razorsseemtobenecessaryforbothmenandwomen. 6.Thelongerlifeofwomenmeanstheirlifetimeexpensesmaygetbigger. 7.Onaverage,thatmenneedmorecaloriesthanwomenisthemaincauseofthedifferencebetweenmen’sandwomen’scostoffood. 8.Nomatterwhethermenandwomengotothesameordifferentplacesforhaircut,womenarelikelytospendmorethanmen. 9.Accordingtoasurveyonhouseholdspending,peoplespendmostonclothesratherthanshoesandaccessories 10.Insomesalons,thepriceofhaircutisnotsetbysexanymore,butsometimesbyhowlongthehairis.