The economic planners are seeking to achieve a fairer of wealth throughout society, but it’s easier said than done, I think.

Our purpose is to create a fairer, more [color=#ff3853]inclusive[/color] society. A: adj. 包括的；包罗广泛的；包括……的 B: adj. 自豪的；骄傲的 C: adj. 有望成功的 未知类型：{'label': 'source', 'content': '', 'isMemberControl': 0, 'type': 181}

The tipping taboo 给小费的禁忌 如何在餐馆或咖啡馆给小费是一个十分复杂的问题。小费应该是给现金还是在买单时一并用信用卡支付？你更愿意支付固定的服务费，还是认为付小费完全没有必要？ 本期讨论这个让很多人都感到困惑而棘手的问题。 It’s nice to go out for a meal at a restaurant. But what makes it extra special – apart from the food - is to receive attentive (体贴，周到的)service from the staff. What can leave a bad taste in your mouth(不愉快的经历或记忆), though, is to be handed the bill(账单) and see that a service charge(服务费) has been added. You’re faced with the dilemma of deciding to pay it, and whether you should add a tip(小费) on top. Putting your hand in your pocket (捐钱（在本文中指 “给小费”）) to reward good service is a personal choice, but it also depends on where you are in the world. What is the norm (惯例，正常行为) in one city is not necessarily the norm in another. In some places a tip is expected; but in others, good service should be expected (应该的) and ought to be included in the price. Adding an optional (非强制的，可选择的) service charge to your bill certainly makes paying a tip less awkward because there’s no need to calculate the amount. But even though it’s not compulsory (强制性的), you sometimes feel obliged (必须的) to pay it. In the UK, where people tend to be too polite to complain, they might pay the service charge despite quietly complaining that the service they received was not up to scratch (达到标准)! Choosing your own amount to tip(给小费) may seem fairer, but should you pay it in cash or add it on to a credit card payment? And who will be the recipient (接受人)? If we are to pay extra, we want to know it goes to the person who deserves it and that it’s not used as an alternative to paying someone a proper wage (工钱，报酬). In the UK in 2009, the law was changed after an outcry over staff being paid under the minimum wage(最低工资) and then topping up their wages with money they had earned in tips. However, in the US it’s still customary to leave a gratuity (小费，赏钱)because tips often make up a substantial part of a server(服务人员)’s income（收入）. Restaurant owner William Beckett told the BBC that in New York, for example, “There’s a tacit pressure（隐性压力） to tip. But theoretically you (could) just stand up and walk out. You don’t. Everybody tips 20%.” Maybe we should follow Japan’s approach, where tipping under any circumstance may seem rude because good service is standard and expected. Elsewhere, there are calls for restaurants to replace the tipping system with a so-called 'hospitality-included'（服务费包括在内） charge – a single payment which covers both the meal and the service. This basically means, don’t tip - the price you see on the menu reflects the full cost of dining. That might make receiving the final bill easier to swallow!

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. A World in Transition A) This year opens in the wake of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21) and the launch of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The former sets out to reach an agreement on carbon emissions, whereas the latter aims to combat poverty and inequality while protecting the environment. Both address critical sets of challenges with profound implications for the way the world operates. And both require serious considerations about energy. B) It's clear that dealing with climate change calls for deep (and, likely, total) decarbonization of our energy system, which entails a fundamental transformation of our infrastructure. It also demands immediate and rapid action, as our window for avoiding the disastrous consequences of carbon emissions is ever shrinking. Yet at the same time, global energy demand continues to rise, particularly in emerging and developing countries, raising concerns about energy security even in the developed world, where one rarely considers that the lights may not come on when the switch is flipped. How do we meet demand and still achieve the required rapid changes when making decisions about energy supply can take years, and the development and construction of energy sources can take even longer? C) Science and technology undoubtedly play a vital role. Research efforts continue to furnish us with fresh insights into fundamental phenomena that help us develop better devices and processes for generating or storing energy. For example, new studies of photovoltaics are enabling more efficient cells to be constructed, and presenting cheaper, more flexible approaches to building them; new findings into interfacial or catalytic phenomena generate advances in storage technologies that could bolster deployment of intermittent renewables and reshape the grid; a deeper understanding of materials and chemistry can offer more efficient routes to the generation of fuels. Technology innovation brings a wealth of new applications, overcoming issues of supply or energy efficiency, allowing us to address many of the challenges we face today and hopefully many of those we aren't yet aware of. D) Yet to believe that technology alone will save us is to forget that technologies must be used by people. It is not enough to just build and implement new technologies: the way we use, interact with, and think about them is critical as well. Given several options of equal scientific merit, the choice of which to pursue depends on social, cultural, economic and political factors. Thus, we shouldn't forget that science and technology form part of a bigger and more complicated system, full of important feedbacks and loops. If we can better understand the way that individuals and societies engage with energy on different levels, we can design better tools or deploy them in more appropriate ways, reaping greater rewards. E) Consider photovoltaics. Understanding how to improve the efficiency of a solar cell is just one step in the process of increasing the use of solar power: we must also know how to build modules that are long-lasting and durable; that are cheap to produce at scale and easy to install; or that can fulfil functions that other designs can't. To make solar power competitive in the marketplace, we have to think about subsidies and what level of economic support might be required over what period. There are also issues around where to install solar panels: where are good locations, why do people object to building solar farms near to them, what motivates some people to install solar power and others to refuse to adopt it? Solar power (as well as other renewable sources like wind) also enables individuals, communities, towns and cities to power themselves independently of centralized providers and to become producers of energy as well as consumers, selling excess electricity back to the grid. This gives rise to a number of further challenges for grid operation, business models, regulation and governance. And this is all to say nothing of the additional opportunities that open up when photovoltaics are linked to other technologies, like storage or smart grids. By thinking more carefully at a systems level, combining natural and social science considerations, we can move towards a more integrated, flexible energy system that better fulfills our goals. F) No one discipline can truly claim to have all the answers to our energy challenges. What is needed is a multiplicity of voices---a combined effort from many disciplines all trying to understand how we can facilitate the energy transition but also all interacting with one another, sharing the benefits of their wisdom for the mutual good. Of course, this multitude speaks many different languages. Multi- and interdisciplinary studies ---of which there are an ever-growing number---help here by playing an increasingly important role in removing the traditional boundaries between groups and broadening the conversation. G) By orienting itself around a subject, not a discipline, Nature Energy hopes to be a home for the many different voices needed, publishing the best research and opinion on energy issues across the natural and social sciences. It also presents perspectives and opinions on different aspects of the energy system, from carbon capture and storage projects to grid balancing and storage for renewables. It wants to publish the research that matters the most to each field but that will also be of interest and influential for people working elsewhere in energy. H) Energy is an enormous but exciting field. The transition to the cleaner, greener, fairer energy system of the future is underway. Nature Energy looks forward to helping speed it along. ______1.Nature Energy hopes to serve as a forum for the spread and discussion of pressing energy questions. ______2.Energy is an important part in the development plans made for the world. ______3.Scientific researches give us great ideas of exploring new energy sources. ______4.Many factors should be taken into consideration as we plan to use new energy. ______5.How to use the solar power well is a good example of incorporating both natural and social science considerations. ______6.Carbon emissions have caused serious problems to mankind. ______7.Energy transition calls for joint efforts from many disciplines. ______8.The energy issue poses a challenge not only for the developing countries but also for the developed ones. ______9.With support, the energy industry is changing for a better future. ______10.Solar energy differs from traditional sources in that individuals can join in the production of energy.

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. A World in Transition A) This year opens in the wake of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21) and the launch of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The former sets out to reach an agreement on carbon emissions, whereas the latter aims to combat poverty and inequality while protecting the environment. Both address critical sets of challenges with profound implications for the way the world operates. And both require serious considerations about energy. B) It's clear that dealing with climate change calls for deep (and, likely, total) decarbonization of our energy system, which entails a fundamental transformation of our infrastructure. It also demands immediate and rapid action, as our window for avoiding the disastrous consequences of carbon emissions is ever shrinking. Yet at the same time, global energy demand continues to rise, particularly in emerging and developing countries, raising concerns about energy security even in the developed world, where one rarely considers that the lights may not come on when the switch is flipped. How do we meet demand and still achieve the required rapid changes when making decisions about energy supply can take years, and the development and construction of energy sources can take even longer? C) Science and technology undoubtedly play a vital role. Research efforts continue to furnish us with fresh insights into fundamental phenomena that help us develop better devices and processes for generating or storing energy. For example, new studies of photovoltaics are enabling more efficient cells to be constructed, and presenting cheaper, more flexible approaches to building them; new findings into interfacial or catalytic phenomena generate advances in storage technologies that could bolster deployment of intermittent renewables and reshape the grid; a deeper understanding of materials and chemistry can offer more efficient routes to the generation of fuels. Technology innovation brings a wealth of new applications, overcoming issues of supply or energy efficiency, allowing us to address many of the challenges we face today and hopefully many of those we aren't yet aware of. D) Yet to believe that technology alone will save us is to forget that technologies must be used by people. It is not enough to just build and implement new technologies: the way we use, interact with, and think about them is critical as well. Given several options of equal scientific merit, the choice of which to pursue depends on social, cultural, economic and political factors. Thus, we shouldn't forget that science and technology form part of a bigger and more complicated system, full of important feedbacks and loops. If we can better understand the way that individuals and societies engage with energy on different levels, we can design better tools or deploy them in more appropriate ways, reaping greater rewards. E) Consider photovoltaics. Understanding how to improve the efficiency of a solar cell is just one step in the process of increasing the use of solar power: we must also know how to build modules that are long-lasting and durable; that are cheap to produce at scale and easy to install; or that can fulfil functions that other designs can't. To make solar power competitive in the marketplace, we have to think about subsidies and what level of economic support might be required over what period. There are also issues around where to install solar panels: where are good locations, why do people object to building solar farms near to them, what motivates some people to install solar power and others to refuse to adopt it? Solar power (as well as other renewable sources like wind) also enables individuals, communities, towns and cities to power themselves independently of centralized providers and to become producers of energy as well as consumers, selling excess electricity back to the grid. This gives rise to a number of further challenges for grid operation, business models, regulation and governance. And this is all to say nothing of the additional opportunities that open up when photovoltaics are linked to other technologies, like storage or smart grids. By thinking more carefully at a systems level, combining natural and social science considerations, we can move towards a more integrated, flexible energy system that better fulfills our goals. F) No one discipline can truly claim to have all the answers to our energy challenges. What is needed is a multiplicity of voices---a combined effort from many disciplines all trying to understand how we can facilitate the energy transition but also all interacting with one another, sharing the benefits of their wisdom for the mutual good. Of course, this multitude speaks many different languages. Multi- and interdisciplinary studies ---of which there are an ever-growing number---help here by playing an increasingly important role in removing the traditional boundaries between groups and broadening the conversation. G) By orienting itself around a subject, not a discipline, Nature Energy hopes to be a home for the many different voices needed, publishing the best research and opinion on energy issues across the natural and social sciences. It also presents perspectives and opinions on different aspects of the energy system, from carbon capture and storage projects to grid balancing and storage for renewables. It wants to publish the research that matters the most to each field but that will also be of interest and influential for people working elsewhere in energy. H) Energy is an enormous but exciting field. The transition to the cleaner, greener, fairer energy system of the future is underway. Nature Energy looks forward to helping speed it along. ______11.Nature Energy hopes to serve as a forum for the spread and discussion of pressing energy questions. ______12.Energy is an important part in the development plans made for the world. ______13.Scientific researches give us great ideas of exploring new energy sources. ______14.Many factors should be taken into consideration as we plan to use new energy. ______15.How to use the solar power well is a good example of incorporating both natural and social science considerations. ______16.Carbon emissions have caused serious problems to mankind. ______17.Energy transition calls for joint efforts from many disciplines. ______18.The energy issue poses a challenge not only for the developing countries but also for the developed ones. ______19.With support, the energy industry is changing for a better future. ______20.Solar energy differs from traditional sources in that individuals can join in the production of energy.