中国大学MOOC: From the anatomical position, turning the palm to face the body is an example of …

Functions of anatomical structures like the heart and lungs were investigated with animal vivisection. </p></p>

Which of the following is her likely anatomical defect? A: Ectoderm B: Endoderm C: Paraxial mesoderm D: Lateral plate mesoderm

From the anatomical position, turning the palm to face the body is an example of ____ A: medial rotation B: lateral rotation C: circumduction D: adduction

From the anatomical position, turning the palm to face the body is an example of _____ A: medial rotation B: lateral rotation C: circumduction D: adduction E: flexion

4.From the anatomical position, turning the palm to face the body is an example of … A: lateral rotation B: circumduction C: medial rotation D: adduction E: flexion

What is the method of positioning Su liao(DU25) by the nasal tip? A: The movement measurement B: The finger measurement C: The Bone-Length Measurement D: 固定标志取穴The Anatomical Landmarks measurement

Which of the following is not one of similarities between human beings and chimpanzees? A: From the moral perspective, they have feelings and a moral code. B: From the anatomical perspective, they are almost the same. C: From the psychological perspective, they share the qualities like love, compassion and altruism. D: From the intellectual perspective, they can understand abstract symbols.

Read the following passage and then do the exercises (multiple choice) given below. Classification of Muscle Actions It is useful to be able to describe the effect of muscle contraction on a joint in terms which may be applied throughout the body and which are related to the anatomical position. The descriptive terms express very poorly, however, the complexities of movement, since they resolve movement to arbitrary planes of action. Flexion is the term used to describe the bending of a pan or the making of an angle, most easily visualized in the bending of the elbow or the knee. The opposite term extension fundamentally means a straightening. In the anatomical position most of the members of the body are in the extended position; the arms and legs are straight, as is also the back. In the case of the foot, these terms lead to some confusion since, in the erect position, the ankle is almost continuously semiflexed. From this position, further flexion is more readily understood under the term dorsiflexion and extension under the term plantar flexion. Plantar flexion is obviously bending in the direction of the sole; dorsiflexion, bending in the direction of the dorsum. For movement away from or toward the central axis of the body the terms abduction and adduction are applied. These terms lead to no confusion except in the hands and feel where there is movement of the digits away from and toward a plane wholly within these parts. Rotational movement is also recognized. Rotation of the anterior surface of a member toward the midplane of the body is medial rotation; rotation away from the midplane is lateral rotation. The rotary action of the forearm and hand, which can he readily observed as the hand is turned palm up or palm down, has a special designation. Pronation is rotation so as to turn the palm downward or backward; supination carries the palm upward or forward. There is a similar though less extensive movement of the foot in which rotation takes place in tile tarsal joints. The rotation of the foot so that the sole turns outward is eversion; the opposite movement so that the sole turns inward is inversion. A special case of rotation is that which is seen in the very important opposing action of the thumb. This movement of rolling the thumb over onto the hand so that the pads of the digits converge into a firm grasp is termed opposition; it is exhibited to a lesser degree in the little finger and in the great and small toes. Circumduction is circular movement; to produce this type of motion, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction are combined in a proper sequence. Special terms, such as protrusion and retraction, elevation and depression, will be referred to in their proper context but are relatively self-evident. a)Muscle actions in various patterns, have been mentioned this passage except________.

Traditional Chinese medicine 1 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice. It includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, exercises, and dietary therapy, and is recently also informed by modern Western medicine. TCM is widely used in China, and is becoming increasingly available in other countries around the world. Doctrines 2 The doctrines of traditional Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon [1]and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases[2], as well as in cosmological notions such as yin and yang[3] and the five phases[4]. In recent decades, attempts have been made to integrate these doctrines with modern notions of anatomy and pathology and a systematized form of TCM has been developed and promoted by the Chinese government. 3 TCM holds that the body’s vital energy (qi) circulates through channels and collaterals (jingluo) which have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. TCM’s view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body's functions, such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, aging etc. While health is perceived as the harmonious interaction of different functional entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as disharmony in the interaction. Diagnosis in TCM aims to trace symptoms to underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of a person, and the like. Chinese medication 4 The major prescription in Chinese medicine is one batch of “herbal medicine” prepared as a decoction. In fact, “herbal medicine” is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, many non-botanic substances are also utilized, including mineral substances and animal and human body parts. Thus, the term “medicinal” is usually preferred. Roughly 13,000 medicinals are being used in China and over 100,000 recipes are recorded in the ancient books of TCM. As is mentioned before, botanic elements play a major role of medicinals. Traditional Chinese therapies 5 Besides drug therapies, many other kinds of medical therapies are used in TCM. Acupuncture is used in traditional Chinese treatment to influence the flow of qi, which is believed to be a vital force that flows through our body. It is often accompanied by moxibustion which involves burning dried mugwort leaves on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. Another type of therapy used in Chinese medicine is cupping, in which several glass "cups" are placed on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands and then cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. Still another Chinese therapy is guasha, in which the skin is abraded with pieces of smooth jade, animal tusks or homs or smooth stones until red spots occur. 6 Food therapy, also called nutrition therapy or dietary therapy, is a mode of dieting rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism. Its basic concepts are a mix of Chinese folk views of eating in moderation and some viewpoints drawn from traditional Chinese medicine. Different foods are classified into two categories-yin and yang, and they are recommended to be consumed in a balanced fashion. Food therapy has long been a common approach to maintaining health among Chinese people, and has been popularized overseas in recent years. Spread of TCM 7 Traditional physicians, who also receive some Western medical training, are still primary caregivers in some parts of rural China. Various traditional preventative and self-healing techniques such as qigong, which combines gentle exercise and meditation, are widely practised as an adjunct to professional health care in China. 8 There are some efforts around the world to incorporate TCM into public health systems. The US National Institute of Health (NIH) noted that, “Acupuncture has the largest body of evidence and is considered safe if practiced correctly.” In the academic field, however, most scientific publications require that studies of traditional Chinese medicine follow the same methodological framework as studies of Western medicine. This rule gives primacy to Western approaches to medicine. Consequently, TCM is no longer independent, but is viewed within the context of Western medicine. TCM has come to be viewed by the mainstream medic community as complementary rather than the primary paradigm. This role negates the concept of TCM, which is holistic in nature and takes account of more signs and symptoms, both somatic and psychic than Western medicine. 9 Recently, however, Yale researchers brought some good news to TCM. They found that huangqin tang, a Chinese herb mixture, is effective at reducing chemotherapy's side effects, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Phase II clinical trials for the herb mixture are being funded by the NIH's National Cancer Institute. It exemplifies that TOM has the potential to go mainstream. [1] Yellow Emperor's inner Canon(《黄帝内经》 s the earliest written work about traditional chi medicine It was compiled during the Warring States Period and is regarded as the fundame doctnnal source of traditional Chinese medicine [2] Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases《伤寒杂病论》) s a Chinese medical treaties by Zhang Zhongjing at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. [3] Yin and yang (阴阳), in Chinese philosophy, describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and they interrelate to one another. [4] Five phases（五行），sometimes also translated as the five elements theory, presumes that the five elements-- wood (木), fire (火), earth (土), metal (金),and water (水)---are the foundation of everything in the universe.