君士坦丁大帝（Constantine I，324-337年在位）皈依基督教的时间是________

中国大学MOOC: 2. Constantine the GreatThe Roman Emperor Constantine(c 280 - 337 A.D.) was one of the most influentialpersonagesin ancient history. By adopting Christianity as the religion of the vast Roman Empire, he elevated a once illegalcultto the law of the land. At the Council of Nicea, Constantine the Great settled Christian doctrine for the ages. And by establishing a capital at Byzantium, which became Constantinople and then Istanbul, he set into motion events that would break the empire, split the Christian church, and influence European history for a millennium.Flavius Valerius Constantinus was born in Naissus, in the province of Moesia Superior, present-day Serbia. Constantines mother, Helena, was abarmaidand his father a military officer named Constantius. His father would rise to become the Emperor Constantius I and Constantines mother would becanonizedas St. Helena, who was thought to have found a portion of Jesus cross. Later Constantine and Helena wereshuffled offto the eastern emperor, Diocletian, in Nicomedia.Upon his fathers death on July 25, 306 A.D., Constantines troops proclaimed him Caesar. Constantine wasnt the only claimant. In 285, Emperor Diocletian had established theTetrarchy, which gave four men rule over a quadrant each of the Roman Empire, with two senior emperors and twonon-hereditaryjuniors. Constantius had been one of the senior emperors. Constantines most powerful rivals for his fathers position wereMaximianand his son, Maxentius, who had assumed power in Italy, controlling Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica as well.Constantine raised an army from Britain that included Germans and Celts, which the Byzantine historian Zosimus said included 90,000 foot soldiers and 8,000cavalry. Maxentius raised an army of 170,000 foot soldiers and 18,000 horsemen.On October 28, 312, Constantine marched on Rome and met Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. The story goes that Constantine had a vision of the words in hoc signo vinces ("in this sign you will conquer") upon a cross, and he swore that, should he triumph against great odds, he would pledge himself to Christianity. (Constantine actually resistedbaptismuntil he was on his deathbed.) Wearing a sign of a cross, Constantine won, and the following year he made Christianity legal throughout the Empire with theEdictof Milan.After Maxentius defeat, Constantine and his brother-in-law, Licinius, split the empire between them. Constantine ruled the West, Licinius the East. The two remained rivals over a decade of uneasytrucesbefore theiranimosityculminatedin the Battle of Chrysopolis, in 324. Liciniuswasroutedand Constantine became sole Emperor of Rome.To celebrate his victory, Constantine created Constantinople on the site of Byzantium, which had been Licinius stronghold. He enlarged the city, addingfortifications, a vasthippodromefor chariot racing, and a number of temples. He also established a second Senate. When Rome fell, Constantinople became thede factoseat of the empire.4.In paragraph six, which of the following word can replace the underlined word?

Whose position in the world of Russian art was comparable to that of Leo Tolstoy in literature? A: Ilya Repin B: Boris kustozyev C: Constantine Makovsky D: Ivan Shishkin

下列哪一座凯旋门不是古罗马时期建造的?() A: 第度(Titus)凯旋门 B: 塞维鲁斯(Severus) 凯旋门 C: 君士坦丁(Constantine)凯旋门 D: 雄狮凯旋门

下列皇帝中写过自传的有________ A: 阿莱克修斯一世（Alexios I，1081-1118年在位） B: 君士坦丁一世（Constantine I，324-337年在位） C: 米哈伊尔八世（Michael VIII，1259-1282年在位） D: 利奥六世（Leo VI，886-912年在位）

10. Humiliation of Canossa (excerpted)All the major Protestant reformers agreed that the Catholic Church had taken a wrong turn somewhere, but they disagreed about where the misstep occurred. Constantine's conversion, the codification of canon law, and the rise of scholastic theology received nominations, but as far as many Anglicans were concerned, the real trouble began in January 1077 at Canossa, a castle in Tuscany.Inside the castle, as freezing winds blew, Pope Gregory VII took refuge. Gregory never wanted to be pope, and he certainly never wanted to spend his waning years running around Europe, attempting to stay ahead of hostile princes. Unfortunately, his commitment to reform put him on a collision course with the secular powers of the day.Outside the castle, Gregory's bitterest opponent, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, knelt in the snow. On this occasion Henry did not want Gregory's head, but his blessing. Dressed as a penitent, weeping, for three cold days, Henry got what he was after—but the peace between the two men could not last. The stakes of their epic battle, known as the Investiture Controversy, were simply too high.In theory, the church has always held the power to appoint its own leaders. In medieval practice, however, secular authorities handed out clerical offices as patronage. Following the pattern known as investiture, abbots and bishops received their positions, and the properties that went with them, from local princes. The emperor picked the pope.Gregory believed that the corruption and immorality of the 11th-century church stemmed from this practice. Before he could fight it at lower ecclesial levels, though, he had to free the papacy from imperial control. In 1059, when Gregory was still cardinal-subdeacon Hildebrand, he engineered ... 19. Which point is not what all the major Protestant reformers disagree on? A: The misstep started from Constantine's conversion. B: The misstep started from the codification of canon law. C: The misstep started from the rise of scholastic theology received nominations. D: The misstep started from January 1077 at Canossa, a castle in Tuscany.

10. Humiliation of Canossa (excerpted)All the major Protestant reformers agreed that the Catholic Church had taken a wrong turn somewhere, but they disagreed about where the misstep occurred. Constantine's conversion, the codification of canon law, and the rise of scholastic theology received nominations, but as far as many Anglicans were concerned, the real trouble began in January 1077 at Canossa, a castle in Tuscany.Inside the castle, as freezing winds blew, Pope Gregory VII took refuge. Gregory never wanted to be pope, and he certainly never wanted to spend his waning years running around Europe, attempting to stay ahead of hostile princes. Unfortunately, his commitment to reform put him on a collision course with the secular powers of the day.Outside the castle, Gregory's bitterest opponent, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, knelt in the snow. On this occasion Henry did not want Gregory's head, but his blessing. Dressed as a penitent, weeping, for three cold days, Henry got what he was after—but the peace between the two men could not last. The stakes of their epic battle, known as the Investiture Controversy, were simply too high.In theory, the church has always held the power to appoint its own leaders. In medieval practice, however, secular authorities handed out clerical offices as patronage. Following the pattern known as investiture, abbots and bishops received their positions, and the properties that went with them, from local princes. The emperor picked the pope.Gregory believed that the corruption and immorality of the 11th-century church stemmed from this practice. Before he could fight it at lower ecclesial levels, though, he had to free the papacy from imperial control. In 1059, when Gregory was still cardinal-subdeacon Hildebrand, he engineered ... 20. What did the corruption and immortality of the 11th century church stem from according to Gregory’s understanding? A: the Investiture Controversy. B: the church has always held the power to appoint its own leaders. C: The emperor picked the pope. D: Papacy was free from imperial control.