2016年12月四级真题第三套段落匹配题SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CanBurglarsJamYourWirelessSecuritySystem?A.Anyproductthatpromisestoprotectyourhomedeservescarefulexamination.Soitisn’tsurprisingthatyou’11findplentyofstrongopinionsaboutthepotentialvulnerabilitiesofpopularhome—securitysystems.B.Themostlikelytypeofburglary(人室盗窃)byfaristheunsophisticatedcrimeofopportunity,usuallyinvolvingabrokenwindoworsomeforcedentry.AccordingtotheFB1.crimesliketheseaccountedforroughlytwo.thirdsofallhouseholdburglariesintheUSin2013.Thewidemajorityoftherestwereillegal.unforcedentriesthatresultedfromsomethinglikeawindowbeingleftopen.TheoddsofacriminalusingtechnicalmeanstobypassasecuritysystemaresosmallthattheFBIdoesn’teventrackthosestatistics.C.Oneofthemaintheoreticalhome—securityconcernsiswhetherornotagivensystemisvulnerabletobeingblockedfromworkingaltogether.Withwiredsetups,thefearisthataburglar(人室盗贼)mightbeabletoshutyoursystemdownsimplybycuttingtherightcable.Withawirelesssetup.youstickbattery—poweredsensorsuparoundyourhomethatkeepaneyeonwindows。doors,motion,andmore.Iftheydetectsomethingwrongwhilethesystemisarmed.they’lltransmitawirelessaleftsignaltoabasestationthatwillthenraisethealarm.Thatapproachwilleliminatemostcord—cuttingconcerns--butwhatabouttheirwirelessequivalent,jamming?withthefightdevicetunedtothefightfrequency,what’stostopathieffromjammingyoursetupandblockingthatalertsignalfromeverreachingthebasestation?D.Jammingconcernsarenothingnew,andthey’renotuniquetosecuritysystems.Anydevicethat’sbuilttoreceiveawirelesssignalataspecificfrequencycanbeoverwhelmedbyastrongersignalcominginonthesamefrequency.Forcomparison.1et’ssayyouwantedto“jam”aconversationbetweentwopeople—allyou’dneedtodoisyellinthelistener’sear.E)Securitydevicesarerequiredtolistthefrequenciestheybroadcaston—matmeansthatapotentialthiefcanfindwhattheyneedtoknowwithminimalGoogling.Theywill.however.needtoknowwhatsystemthey’relookingfor.Ifyouhaveasigninyouryarddeclaringwhatsetupyouuse,that’dpointthemintherightdirection,thoughatthatpoint,we’retalkingaboutahighlytargeted,semi—sophisticatedattack,andnotthesortofforced—entryattackthatmakesupthemajorityofburglaries.It’seasiertofindandacquirejammingequipmentforsomefrequenciesthanitisforothers.F)Wirelesssecurityproviderswilloftentakestepstohelpcombatthethreatofjammingattacks.SimpliSafe,winnerofourEditors’Choicedistinction.utilizesaspecialsystemthat’scapableofseparatingincidentalRFinterferencefromtargetedjammingattacks.Whenthesystemthinksit’sbeingjammed,it’llnotifyyouviapushalert(推送警报).Fromthere,it’suptoyoutosoundthealarmmanually.G)SimpliSafewassingledoutinonerecentarticleonjamming,completewithavideoshowingtheentiresystembeingeffectivelybypassedwithhandheldjammingequipment.AftertakingappropriatemeasurestocontaintheRFinterferencetoourtestlab,wetestedtheattackoutforourselves,andwereabletoverifythatit’spossiblewiththerightequipment.However.wealsoverifiedthatSimpliSafe’santi-jammingsystemworks.Itcaughtusintheact,sentanalerttomysmartphone,andalsolistedourRFinterferenceonthesystem’seventlog.Theteambehindthearticleandvideoinquestionmakenomentionofthesystem,orwhetherornotitdetectedthem.H)Weliketheuniquenatureofthatsoftware.Itmeansthatathieflikelywouldn’tbeabletoGooglehowthesystemworks.thenfigureoutawayaroundit.Eveniftheycould,SimpliSafeclaimsthatitssystemisalwaysevolving,andthatitvariesslightlyfromsystemtosystem,whichmeanstherewouldn’tbeauniversalmagicformulaforcrackingit.Othersystemsalsoseemconfidentonthesubjectofjamming.TheteamatFrontpointaddressestheissueinablogonitssite,citingtheirownjamprotectionsoftwareandclaimingthattherearen’tanydocumentedcasesofasuccessfuljamattacksincethecompanybeganofferingwirelesssecuritysensorsinthel980s.I)Jammingattacksareabsolutelypossible.Assaidbefore.withthefightequipmentandtherightknow—how,it’spossibletojamanywirelesstransmission.Buthowprobableisitthatsomeonewillsuccessfullyjamtheirwayintoyourhomeandstealyourstuff?J)Let’simaginethatyouliveinasmallhomewithawirelesssecuritysetupthatoffersafunctionalanti—jammingsystem.First,athiefisgoingtoneedtotargetyourhome,specifically.Then,he’sgoingtoneedtoknowthetechnicaldetailsofyoursystemandacquirethespecificequipmentnecessaryforjammingyourspecificsetup.Presumably,youkeepyourdoorslockedatnightandwhileyou’reaway,sothethiefwillstillneedtobreakin.Thatmeansdefeatingthelocksomehow,orbreakingawindow.He’11needtobejammingyouatthispoint,asabrokenwindoworopeneddoorwouldnormallyreleasethealarm.S0,too,wouldthemotiondetectorsinyourhome,sothethiefwillneedtocontinuejammingoncehe’sinsideandsearchingforthingstosteal.However.he’11needtodosowithouttrippingtheanti-jammingsystem,thedetailsofwhichhealmostcertainlydoesnothaveaccessto.K)Attheendoftheday,thesekindsofsystemsareprimarilydesignedtoprotectagainstthesortofopportunisticsmash—and—grabattackthatmakesupthemajorityofburglaries.They’realsoonlyasinglelayerinwhatshouldideallybeamany—sidedapproachtosecuringyourhome,onethatincludescommonsensethingslikesoundlocksandproperexteriorlightingatnight.Nosystemisimpenetrable,andnonecanpromisetoeliminatetheworstcasecompletely.Everyoneofthemhasvulnerabilitiesthataknowledgeablethiefcouldtheoreticallyexploit.Agoodsystemisonethatkeepsthatworst—casesettingasimprobableaspossiblewhilealsoofferingstrongprotectionintheeventofaless-extraordinaryattack.--1.Itispossibleforburglarstomakejammingattackswiththenecessaryequipmentandskill.--2.Interferingwithawirelesssecuritysystemissimilartointerferingwithaconversation.--3.Aburglarhastocontinuouslyjamthewirelesssecuritydevicetoavoidtriggeringthealarm,bothinsideandoutsidethehouse.--4.SimpliSafeprovidesdevicesthatareabletodistinguishincidentalradiointerferencefromtargetedjammingattacks.--5.Onlyaverysmallproportionofburglariesarecommittedbytechnicalmeans.--6.ItisdifficulttocrackSimpliSafeasitssystemkeepschanging.--7.Wirelessdeviceswilltransmitsignalssoastoactivatethealarmoncesomethingwrongisdetected.--8.Differentmeasuresshouldbetakentoprotectone’shomefromburglaryinadditiontothewirelesssecuritysystem.--9.SimpliSafe’sdevicecansendawarningtothehouseowner’scellphone.--10.Burglarscaneasilygetasecuritydevice’sfrequencybyInternetsearch.

长篇阅读Passage2IsCollegeaWorthyInvestment?A)Whyarewespendingsomuchmoneyoncollege?Andwhyarewesounhappyaboutit?Weallseemtoagreethatacollegeeducationiswonderful,andyetstrangelyweworrywhenweseefamiliesinvestingsomuchinthissupposedlyessentialgood.Maybeit’stimetoaskaquestionthatseemsalmostsacrilegious(大不敬的):isallthisinvestmentincollegeeducationreallyworthit?B)Theanswer,Ifear,isno.Foranincreasingnumberofkids,theextratimeandmoneyspentpursuingacollegediplomawillleavethemworseoffthantheywerebeforetheysetfootoncampus.C)Formyentireadultlife,agoodeducationhasbeenthemostimportantthingformiddle-classhouseholds.Myparentsspentmoreeducatingmysisterandmethantheyspentontheirhouse,andthey’renottheonlyones...and,ofcourse,foranincreasingnumberoffamilies,mostofthecostoftheirhouseisactuallythecostoflivinginagoodschooldistrict.Questioningthevalueofacollegeeducationseemsabitlikequestioningthevalueofhappiness,orfun.D)Theaveragepriceofallgoodsandserviceshasrisenabout50percent.Butthepriceofacollegeeducationhasnearlydoubledinthattime.Istheeducationthattoday’sstudentsaregettingtwiceasgood?Arenewworkerstwiceassmart?Havetheybecomesomehowmassivelymoreexpensivetoeducate?E)Perhapsabit.RichardVedder,anOhioUniversityeconomicsprofessor,says,“Ilookatthedata,andIseecollegecostsrisingfasterthaninflationuptothemid-1980sby1percentayear.NowIseethemrising3to4percentayearoverinflation.Whathashappened?Thefederalgovernmenthasstarteddroppingmoneyoutofairplanes.”Aidhasincreased,subsidized(补贴的)loanshavebecomeavailable,and“theuniversitieshavegottenthemoney.”EconomistBryanCaplan,whoiswritingabookabouteducation,agrees:“It’sagiantwasteofresourcesthatwillcontinueaslongasthesubsidiescontinue.”F)Promotionalliteratureforcollegesandstudentloansoftenspeaksofdebtasan“investmentinyourself.”Butaninvestmentissupposedtogenerateincometopayofftheloans.Morethanhalfofallrecentgraduatesareunemployedorinjobsthatdonotrequireadegree,andtheamountofstudent-loandebtcarriedbyhouseholdshasincreasedmorethanfivetimessince1999.Thesegraduatesweretoldthatadiplomawasalltheyneededtosucceed,butitwon’tevengetthemoutofthesparebedroomatMomandDad’s.Formany,themostvisibleresultoftheirfouryearsistheloanpayments,whichnowaveragehundredsofdollarsamonthonloanbalancesinthetensofthousands.G)It’strueaboutthemoney—sortof.Collegegraduatesnowmake80percentmorethanpeoplewhohaveonlyahigh-schooldiploma,andthoughtherearenopreciseestimates,thewagepremium(高出的部分)foranoutstandingschoolseemstobeevenhigher.Butthat’snottrueofeverystudent.It’sveryeasytospendfouryearsmajoringinEnglishliteratureandcomeoutnomoreemployablethanyouwerebeforeyouwentin.Conversely,chemicalengineersstraightoutofschoolcaneasilymakealmostfourtimesthewagesofanentry-levelhigh-schoolgraduate.H)JamesHeckman,theNobelPrize-winningeconomist,hasexaminedhowthereturnsoneducationbreakdownforindividualswithdifferentbackgroundsandlevelsofability.“Evenwiththesehighprices,you’restillfindingahighreturnforindividualswhoarebrightandmotivated,”hesays.Ontheotherhand,“ifyou’renotcollegeready,thentheanswerisno,it’snotworthit.”Expertstendtoagreethatfortheaveragestudent,collegeisstillworthittoday,buttheyalsoagreethattherapidincreaseinpriceiseatingupmoreandmoreofthepotentialreturn.Forborderlinestudents,tuition(学费)risecanpushthosereturnsintonegativeterritory.I)Everyoneseemstoagreethatthegovernment,andparents,shouldberethinkinghowweinvestinhighereducation—andthatemployersneedtorethinktheincreasinguseofcollegedegreesascrudescreeningtoolsforjobsthatdon’treallyrequirecollegeskills.“Employersseeingasurplusofcollegegraduatesandlookingtofilljobsarejustaddingthatrequirement,”saysVedder.“Infact,acollegedegreebecomesajobrequirementforbecomingabar-tender.”J)Wehavestartedtoseesomechangeonthefinanceside.Alawpassedin2007allowsmanystudentstocaptheirloanpaymentat10percentoftheirincomeandforgivesanybalanceafter25years.Butofcourse,thatdoesn’tcontrolthecostofeducation;itjustshiftsittotaxpayers.Italsoencouragesgraduatestochooselower-payingcareers,whichreducesthefinancialreturntoeducationstillfurther.“You’resubsidizingpeopletobecomepriestsandpoetsandsoforth,”saysHeckman.“Youmaythinkthat’sagoodthing,oryoumaynot.”Eitherwayitwillbeexpensiveforthegovernment.K)Whatmightbealotcheaperisputtingmorekidstowork.Caplannotesthatworkalsobuildsvaluableskills—probablymorevaluableforkidswhodon’tnaturallylovesittinginaclassroom.Heckmanagreeswholeheartedly:“Peoplearedifferent,andthoseabilitiescanbeshaped.That’swhatwe’velearned,andpublicpolicyshouldrecognizethat.”L)Heckmanwouldliketoseemoreapprenticeship-style(学徒式)programs,wherekidscanlearnintheworkplace—learnnotjustspecificjobskills,butthekindof“softskills,”likegettingtoworkontimeandgettingalongwithateam,thatarecrucialforcareersuccess.“It’sabouthavingmentors(指导者)andhavingworkplace-basededucation,”hesays.“TimeandagainI’veseenexamplesofthiskindofprogramworking.”M)Ah,buthowdowegettherefromhere?Withbetterpublicpolicy,hopefully,butalsobymakingbetterindividualdecisions.“Historicallymarketshavebeenabletohandlethesethings,”saysVedder,“andIthinkeventuallymarketswillhandlethisone.Ifitdoesn’timprovesoon,peoplearegoingtowakeupandask,‘WhyamIgoingtocollege?’”1.Caplansuggeststhatkidswhodon’tloveschoolgotowork.2.Anincreasingnumberoffamiliesspendmoremoneyonhousesinagoodschooldistrict.3.Subsidizedloanstocollegestudentsareahugewasteofmoney,accordingtooneeconomist.4.Moreandmorekidsfindtheyfareworsewithacollegediploma.5.Forthosewhoarenotpreparedforhighereducation,goingtocollegeisnotworthit.6.Overtheyearsthecostofacollegeeducationhasincreasedalmostby100%.7.Alawpassedrecentlyallowsmanystudentstopaynomorethanonetenthoftheirincomefortheircollegeloans.8.Middle-classAmericanshavehighlyvaluedagoodeducation.9.Morekidsshouldbeencouragedtoparticipateinprogramswheretheycanlearnnotonlyjobskillsbutalsosocialskills.10.Overfiftypercentofrecentcollegegraduatesremainunemployedorunabletofindasuitablejob.