What are the major pharmacological effects of insulin and its mechanism of action? （5.0分）

A herd of genetically modified goats developed by GTC Biotherapeutics is an example that genetic modification can be used in producing pharmacological products. </p></p>

After withdrawal of the drug, the drug concentration is below the threshold, but its pharmacological effects still exists. The phenomenon is called A: idiosyncratic reaction B: toxic reaction C: side reaction D: residual effect E: withdrawal reaction

Read the following passage and then do the exercises (multiple choice) given below. Objectives relating to knowledge Graduates completing basic medical education should have knowledge of the following areas: 1. Scientific method relevant to biological, behavioural and social sciences at a level sufficient to understand the basis for present medical practice, and to assimilate the advances in knowledge that will occur over their working life. 2. The normal structure, function and development of the human body and mind at all stages of life, the interactions between body and mind, and the factors that may disturb these. 3. The etiology, pathology, symptoms and signs, natural history, and prognosis of common mental and physical ailments in children, adolescents, adults and the aged. (Graduates should have a detailed knowledge of the conditions that require urgent treatment and those that are of particular local significance.) 4. Common diagnostic procedures, their uses and limitations. 5. Management of common conditions including pharmacological, physical, nutritional and psychological therapies. 6. Normal pregnancy and childbirth, the more common obstetrical emergencies, the principles of antenatal and postnatal care, and medical aspects of family planning. 7. The principles of health education, disease prevention, amelioration of suffering and disability, rehabilitation, and the care of the dying. 8. Cultural and social factors affecting human relationships, the psychological well-being of patients and their families, and the interactions between humans and their social and physical environment. 9. Systems of provision of health care including their advantages and limitations, the costs associated with health care, the principles of efficient and equitable allocation of finite resources, and methods of meeting the health care needs of disadvantaged groups within the community. 10. The principles of ethics that relate to health care and the legal responsibilities of the medical profession. Objectives relating to skills Graduates completing basic medical education should have developed the following skills to an appropriate level for their stage of training: 1. The ability to take a tactful, accurate, organized and problem-focused medical history. 2. The ability to perform an accurate physical and mental state examination. 3. The ability to choose the appropriate and practical clinical skills to apply in a given situation. 4. The ability to interpret and integrate the history and physical examination findings to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis or differential diagnosis. 5. The ability to select the most appropriate and cost-effective diagnostic procedures. 6. The ability to formulate a management plan, and to plan management in concert with the patient. 7. The ability to communicate clearly, considerately and sensitively with patients, relatives, doctors, nurses, other health professionals and the community. 8. The ability to counsel sensitively and effectively, and to provide information in a manner that ensures patients and families can be truly informed when consenting to any procedure. 9. The ability to recognize serious illness and to perform common emergency and life-saving procedures such as caring for the unconscious patient and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 10. The ability to interpret medical evidence in a critical and scientific manner, and to use libraries and other information resources to pursue independent inquiry relating to medical problems. Objectives relating to attitudes as they affect professional behaviour During basic medical education, students should acquire the following professional attitudes, which are regarded as fundamental to medical practice: 1. Respect for every human being, with an appreciation of the diversity of human background and cultural values. 2. An appreciation of the complexity of ethical issues related to human life and death including the allocation of scarce resources. 3. A desire to ease pain and suffering. 4. An awareness of the need to communicate with patients and their families, and to involve them fully in planning management of their condition. 5. A desire to achieve the optimal patient care for the least cost to allow maximum benefit from the available resources. 6. Recognition that the health interests of the patient and the community are paramount. 7. A willingness to work effectively in a team with other health care professionals. 8. An appreciation of the responsibility to maintain standards of medical practice at the highest possible level throughout a professional career. 9. An appreciation of the need to recognize when a clinical problem exceeds their capacity to deal with it safely and efficiently and of the need to refer the patient for help from others when this occurs. 10. A realization that it is not always in the interests of patients or their families to do everything which is technically possible to make a precise diagnosis or to attempt to modify the course of an illness. From World Health Organization Western Pacific Region(2001), WHO Guidelines for Quality Assurance of Basic Medical Education in the Western Pacific Region a)According to the passage medical education quality system may including all of the following aspects of competences but __________.