However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusive evidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.

Previous research into the effect of passive smoking on pregnancy has produced ______ results. A: inclusive B: conducive C: abusive D: inconclusive

What adjective most aptly describes the current state of evidence indicating that fructose intake may promote fatty liver in humans: A: inconclusive B: promising C: convincing D: conclusive

Passage 4 Personal Space Alice and Jimmy are facing one another. As she steps backward, he steps forward. Then he takes another step forward, and she turns outward. He then turns outward, and she turns toward him and takes a step in his direction. He turns back toward her and also moves forward. They pause for a second, and each moves backward and turns slightly away from the other. Have Alice and Jimmy learned the latest disco dance? Were they playing tennis or softball? No, Alice and Jimmy were simply carrying on a conversation about their English professor. In addition to expressing their ideas through words, they were communicating nonverbally through their use of space and personal distance. Each was attempting to maintain a certain distance from the other, although their preferred distances were not always the same. Sometimes Alice wanted more space than Jimmy, and sometimes Jimmy wanted more space than Alice. These differences led to the fancy footwork of moving backward and forward, inward and outward. Each person’s preferred distance also changed throughout the conversation. When Alice disagreed with Jimmy, he wanted more space; when she flirted, he wanted less distance between them. The distance or space that Alice and Jimmy were manipulating is called personal space and is the three-dimensional area of space is a portable territory with invisible boundaries that expand or contract depending on the situation. Individuals carry it around with them constantly and position themselves in conversations in a way that will maintain it. Julie needs very little personal space and is constantly moving closer to people in order to reach the distance she prefers. Sandy, on the other hand, needs more personal space and frequently finds herself backed up against walls as a result of trying to move away from people. Each tries to maintain her personal space, although she may not always be successful. The purpose and function of personal space have been analyzed. Jimmy stands 4 feet from his boss, 8 feet from his congressman, 2 feet from his mother, and 10 inches from his girlfriend. Why is his personal space different for each person? According to this theory, Jimmy’s body-bufferzone is greatest for the congressman because the congressman is very intimidating to him. On the other hand, his girlfriend is least threatening to him so he maintains the smallest distance with her. Perhaps, the most important characteristic of personal space is that it is variable. Some people need more personal space than others. Furthermore, our personal space needs vary depending on our sex, age, cultural background, and relationship to the people with whom we are interacting. Another important characteristic of personal space is that it interacts with other dimensions of nonverbal communication. For example, our perception and use of space depends on whether people are standing, sitting, or lying down. They also depend on whether we are facing or turned away from one another, how much touching can and does occur, how much of each other we physically can see, how loud our voices are, and whether or not body odors or heat can be detected. Mary may feel “too close” to Tom even though she is 6 feet away from him. However, even at that distance she can smell unpleasant body smells; her ears hurt from his loud voice; and she doesn’t like the fact that he is looking directly into her eyes. Mark, on the other hand, does not feel too close to Jane, even though they are only 8 inches apart. However, they are sitting back to back, cannot see one another, and are having difficulty in hearing one another. Several different factors are thought to influence personal-space needs. The most obvious one is perhaps relationship between people. Some researchers identified four distinct categories of informal space associated with four different types of relationships. According to these researchers, personal space can be divided into 4 categories: intimate, casual-personal, sicioconsultive, and public. Intimate distance, from 0 to 18 inches, is used by people who are involved with one another on a personal level. Causal-personal distance, from 1.5 to 4 is conducted from 4 to 8 feet, or at a socio-consultive distance. Finally, public distance ranged from 8 feet to the limits of a person’s vision or hearing. Another obvious factor influencing personal space is personality. Although the findings have been inconclusive, the research has been very conclusive in the related area of personality problems. The research related to it supports the opinion that the boundaries of personal space represent “body-buffer zones” used to protect people from emotional and physical threats. (760 words) 96. The first paragraph describes Alice and Jimmy’s during their conversation.

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statementcontains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions bymarking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day?[A] Along with old classics like “carrots give you night vision" and“Santa doesn't bring toys to misbehaving children", one of the most well-wornphrases of tired parents everywhere is that breakfast is the mostimportant meal of the day. Many of us grow up believing that skipping breakfast is a serious mistake, even if onlytwo thirds of adults in the UK eat breakfast regularly ，according to the British Dietetic Association, and aroundthree-quarters of Americans.[B]“The body uses a lot of energy stores for growth and repair through the might," explains diet specialistSarah Elder. "Eating a balanced breakfast helps to up our energy，as well as make up for protein and calcium usedthroughout the night. ”But there 's widespread disagreement over whether breakfast should keep its top spot in thehierarchy(等级) of meals. There have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal and the food industry'sinvolvement in pro-breakfast research- and even one claim from an academic that breakfast is“dangerous"[C] What's the reality? Is breakfast a necessary start to the day or a marketing tactic by cereal companies?The most researched aspect of breakfast (and breakfast-skipping) has been its links to obesity. Scientists havedifferent theories as to why there's a relationship between the two, In one US study that analyzed the health dataof 50,000 people over seven years, researchers found that those who made breakfast the largest meal of the daywere more likely to have a lower body mass index (BMI) than those who ate a large lunch or dinner. The researchers argued that breakfast helps reduce daily calorie intake and improve the quality of our diet- sincebreakfast foods are often higher in fibre and nutrients.[D] But as with any study of this kind, it was unclear if that was the cause- or if breakfast skippers were justmore likely to be overweight to begin with. To find out, researchers designed a study in which 52 obese womentook part in a 12-weck weight loss programme. All had the same number of calories over the day, but half hadbreakfast, while the other half did not. What they found was that it wasn't breakfast itself that caused theparticipants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine.[E] If breakfast alone isn't a guarantee of weight loss, why is there a link between obesity and breakfast-skipping? Alexandra Johnstone, professor of appetite research at the University of Aberdeen, argues that it maysimply be because breakfast-skippers have been found to be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health.“Thereare a lot of studies on the relationship between breakfast eating and possible health outcomes, but this may bebecause those who eat breakfast choose to habitually have health-enhancing behaviors such as regular exerciseand not smoking," she says.[F]A 2016 review of 10 studies looking into the relationship between breakfast and weight managementconcluded there is “limited evidence" supporting or refuting(反驳) the argument that breakfast influences weightor food intake, and more evidence is required before breakfast recommendations can be used to help preventobesity.[G]Researchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen are halfway through researchlooking into the mechanisms behind how the time we eat influences body weight. Early findings suggest that abigger breakfast is beneficial to weight control. Breakfast has been found to affect more than just weight. Skippingbreakfast has been associated with a 27%increased risk of heart disease, a 21% higher risk of type 2 diabetes inmen, and a 20%higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women. One reason may be breakfast's nutritional value- partlybecause cereal is fortified(增加营养价值)with vitamins. In one study on the breakfast habits of 1 ,600 youngpeople in the UK, researchers found that the fibre and micronutrient intake was better in those who had breakfastregularly. There have been similar findings in Australia, Brazil, Canada and the US.[H]Breakfast is also associated with improved brain function, including concentration and language use. Areview of 54 studies found that eating breakfast can improve memory, though the effects on other brain functionswere inconclusive. However, one of the review's researchers, Mary Beth Spitznagel, says there is“reasonableevidence breakfast does improve concentration- -there just needs to be more research. "Looking at studies thattested concentration, the number of studies showing a benefit was exactly the same as the number that found nobenefit," she says.“And no studies found that eating breakfast was bad for concentration.[I] What's most important, some argue, is what we eat for breakfast. High-protein breakfasts have beenfound particularly effective in reducing the longing for food and consumption later in the day, according toresearch by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. While cereal remains afirm favourite among breakfast consumers in the UK and US, a recent investigation into the sugar content ofadult' breakfast cereals found that some cereals contain more than three-quarters of the recommended dailyamount of free sugars in each portion, and sugar was the second or third highest ingredient in cereals.[J] But some research suggests if we're going to eat sugary foods, it's best to do it early. One study recruited200 obese adults to take part in a 16-week-long diet, where half added dessert to their breakfast, and half didn't.Those who added dessert lost an average of 40 pounds more- however, the study was unable to show the long-term effects. A review of 54 studies found that there is no consensus yet on what type of breakfast is healthier, andconclude that the type of breakfast doesn't matter as much as simply eating something.[K] While there's no conclusive evidence on exactly what we should be eating and when, the consensus isthat we should listen to our own bodies and eat when we're hungry.“Breakfast is most important for people whoare hungry when they wake up," Johnstone says.“Each body starts the day differently- -and those individualdifferences need to be researched more closely," Spitznagel says. “A balanced breakfast is really helpful, butgetting regular meals throughout the day is more important to leave blood sugar stable through the day, whichhelps control weight and hunger levels," says Elder. “Breakfast isn't the only meal we should be getting right.”36. According to one professor, obesity is related to a lack of basic awareness of nutrition and health.37. Some scientists claim that people should consume the right kind of food at breakfast.38. Opinions differ as to whether breakfast is the most important meal of the day.39. It has been found that not eating breakfast is related to the incidence of certain diseases in some countries.40. Researchers found it was a change in eating habits rather than breakfast itself that induced weight loss.41. To keep oneself healthy, eating breakfast is more important than choosing what to eat.42. It is widely considered wrong not to eat breakfast.43. More research is needed to prove that breakfast is related to weight loss or food intake44. People who prioritise breakfasts tend to have lower calorie but higher nutritional intake45. Many studies reveal that eating breakfast helps people memoriseand concentrate.