Discards have been used by the Garbage Project to study ______. A: the proportion of materials which break down within landfills B: how much people eat and drink in their daily lives C: the fluids that leak out of MSW landfills D: how to compose the landfill wasters

The flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, disposed of in landfills or by other methods is known as the A: waste basket. B: waste river. C: 5 gyres. D: waste stream. E: e-waste.

One of the biggest environmentla problems associated with landfills is the A: increase in disease organisms B: leachage groundwater contamination C: settling process D: partial degratation of waste E: addition of greenhouse gases

废弃塑料是一个严重且日益严重的环境问题。不到10%的塑料被回收利用，大部分被丢弃在垃圾填埋场（landfills），焚烧，或直接丢弃。一次性塑料（single-use plastics）约占塑料垃圾的一半。虽然大多数塑料是在陆地上使用和最初处理的，但有很多最终会进入水生生态系统。

Even if you’re not a hard-core Greenie, there are small acts you can take every day to save both the earth and your 1 . Going DIY with cleaning products is a good way to start. You can use 2 at home that won’t cost you any extra money–and that work just as well as the store-bought stuff. Vinegar cuts grease on stove tops and oven doors, and can even whiten your 3 and remove stains from clothes. In the kitchen, going green can save you money and keep you 4 . Cooking at home can cut down the cost of eating out, as well as the takeout containers you bring home. Buying produce and other raw foods cuts down on 5 that ends up in landfills. You can also look for products that use 6 or biodegradable packaging. You can even use some of the items you 7 in the trash to upcycle. Plastic grocery bags can be used for all kinds of craft projects. It’s easy to ignore, but a great amount of energy gets wasted around the house. You can 8 large appliances and other devices that aren’t being used. Changing out your light bulbs is another way to save money. CFL light bulbs are more 9 at first, but they use much less energy than incandescent light bulbs, and last at least eight times longer than regular bulbs. 10 on natural light is another way to make your light bulbs last longer – so open your blinds and enjoy the sunlight!

In 1993. New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage (饮料) containers. Within a year. Consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products. But because few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it wound up buried in landfills (垃圾填埋场). The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second-hand plastic. Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled (回收利用) in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts, paint brushes, etc. As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life-and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways actually depress prices for used materials. Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling is already the least expensive waste-management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New York, amounts to saving of more than $100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.

1【填空题】 Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Even if you're not a hard-core Greenie, there are small acts you can take every day to save both the earth and your 1) _____. Going DIY with cleaning products is a good way to start. You can use 2) _____ at home that won't cost you any extra money---and that work just as well as the store-bought stuff. Vinegar cuts grease on stove tops and oven doors, and can even whiten your 3) _____ and remove stains from clothes. In the kitchen, going green can save you money and keep you 4) _____. Cooking at home can cut down the cost of eating out and the takeout containers that you bring home. Buying produce and other raw foods cuts down on 5) _____ that ends up in landfills. You can also look for products that use 6) _____ or bio-degradable packaging. You can even use some of the items you 7) _____ in the trash to upcycle. Plastic grocery bags can be used for all kinds of craft projects. It's easy to ignore, but a great amount of energy gets wasted around the house. You can 8) _____ large appliances and other devices that aren't being used. Changing out your light bulbs is another way to save money. CFL light bulbs are more 9) _____ at first, but they use much less energy than incandescent light bulbs, and last at least eight times longer than regular bulbs. 10) _____ on natural light is another way to make your light bulbs last longer---so open your blinds and enjoy the sunlight! A) cost B) enjoy C) expensive D) healthier E) ignore F) items G) laundry H) packaging I) projects J) recyclable K) relying L) than M) toss N) unplug O) wallet