Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce. AWorldinTransition A)Thisyearopensinthewakeofthe2015ParisClimateChangeConference(COP21)andthelaunchoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Theformersetsouttoreachanagreementoncarbonemissions,whereasthelatteraimstocombatpovertyandinequalitywhileprotectingtheenvironment.Bothaddresscriticalsetsofchallengeswithprofoundimplicationsforthewaytheworldoperates.Andbothrequireseriousconsiderationsaboutenergy. B)It'sclearthatdealingwithclimatechangecallsfordeep(and,likely,total)decarbonizationofourenergysystem,whichentailsafundamentaltransformationofourinfrastructure.Italsodemandsimmediateandrapidaction,asourwindowforavoidingthedisastrousconsequencesofcarbonemissionsisevershrinking.Yetatthesametime,globalenergydemandcontinuestorise,particularlyinemerginganddevelopingcountries,raisingconcernsaboutenergysecurityeveninthedevelopedworld,whereonerarelyconsidersthatthelightsmaynotcomeonwhentheswitchisflipped.Howdowemeetdemandandstillachievetherequiredrapidchangeswhenmakingdecisionsaboutenergysupplycantakeyears,andthedevelopmentandconstructionofenergysourcescantakeevenlonger? C)Scienceandtechnologyundoubtedlyplayavitalrole.Researcheffortscontinuetofurnishuswithfreshinsightsintofundamentalphenomenathathelpusdevelopbetterdevicesandprocessesforgeneratingorstoringenergy.Forexample,newstudiesofphotovoltaicsareenablingmoreefficientcellstobeconstructed,andpresentingcheaper,moreflexibleapproachestobuildingthem;newfindingsintointerfacialorcatalyticphenomenagenerateadvancesinstoragetechnologiesthatcouldbolsterdeploymentofintermittentrenewablesandreshapethegrid;adeeperunderstandingofmaterialsandchemistrycanoffermoreefficientroutestothegenerationoffuels.Technologyinnovationbringsawealthofnewapplications,overcomingissuesofsupplyorenergyefficiency,allowingustoaddressmanyofthechallengeswefacetodayandhopefullymanyofthosewearen'tyetawareof. D)Yettobelievethattechnologyalonewillsaveusistoforgetthattechnologiesmustbeusedbypeople.Itisnotenoughtojustbuildandimplementnewtechnologies:thewayweuse,interactwith,andthinkaboutthemiscriticalaswell.Givenseveraloptionsofequalscientificmerit,thechoiceofwhichtopursuedependsonsocial,cultural,economicandpoliticalfactors.Thus,weshouldn'tforgetthatscienceandtechnologyformpartofabiggerandmorecomplicatedsystem,fullofimportantfeedbacksandloops.Ifwecanbetterunderstandthewaythatindividualsandsocietiesengagewithenergyondifferentlevels,wecandesignbettertoolsordeploytheminmoreappropriateways,reapinggreaterrewards. E)Considerphotovoltaics.Understandinghowtoimprovetheefficiencyofasolarcellisjustonestepintheprocessofincreasingtheuseofsolarpower:wemustalsoknowhowtobuildmodulesthatarelong-lastinganddurable;thatarecheaptoproduceatscaleandeasytoinstall;orthatcanfulfilfunctionsthatotherdesignscan't.Tomakesolarpowercompetitiveinthemarketplace,wehavetothinkaboutsubsidiesandwhatlevelofeconomicsupportmightberequiredoverwhatperiod.Therearealsoissuesaroundwheretoinstallsolarpanels:wherearegoodlocations,whydopeopleobjecttobuildingsolarfarmsneartothem,whatmotivatessomepeopletoinstallsolarpowerandotherstorefusetoadoptit?Solarpower(aswellasotherrenewablesourceslikewind)alsoenablesindividuals,communities,townsandcitiestopowerthemselvesindependentlyofcentralizedprovidersandtobecomeproducersofenergyaswellasconsumers,sellingexcesselectricitybacktothegrid.Thisgivesrisetoanumberoffurtherchallengesforgridoperation,businessmodels,regulationandgovernance.Andthisisalltosaynothingoftheadditionalopportunitiesthatopenupwhenphotovoltaicsarelinkedtoothertechnologies,likestorageorsmartgrids.Bythinkingmorecarefullyatasystemslevel,combiningnaturalandsocialscienceconsiderations,wecanmovetowardsamoreintegrated,flexibleenergysystemthatbetterfulfillsourgoals. F)Noonedisciplinecantrulyclaimtohavealltheanswerstoourenergychallenges.Whatisneededisamultiplicityofvoices---acombinedeffortfrommanydisciplinesalltryingtounderstandhowwecanfacilitatetheenergytransitionbutalsoallinteractingwithoneanother,sharingthebenefitsoftheirwisdomforthemutualgood.Ofcourse,thismultitudespeaksmanydifferentlanguages.Multi-andinterdisciplinarystudies---ofwhichthereareanever-growingnumber---helpherebyplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinremovingthetraditionalboundariesbetweengroupsandbroadeningtheconversation. G)Byorientingitselfaroundasubject,notadiscipline,NatureEnergyhopestobeahomeforthemanydifferentvoicesneeded,publishingthebestresearchandopiniononenergyissuesacrossthenaturalandsocialsciences.Italsopresentsperspectivesandopinionsondifferentaspectsoftheenergysystem,fromcarboncaptureandstorageprojectstogridbalancingandstorageforrenewables.Itwantstopublishtheresearchthatmattersthemosttoeachfieldbutthatwillalsobeofinterestandinfluentialforpeopleworkingelsewhereinenergy. H)Energyisanenormousbutexcitingfield.Thetransitiontothecleaner,greener,fairerenergysystemofthefutureisunderway.NatureEnergylooksforwardtohelpingspeeditalong. ______11.NatureEnergyhopestoserveasaforumforthespreadanddiscussionofpressingenergyquestions. ______12.Energyisanimportantpartinthedevelopmentplansmadefortheworld. ______13.Scientificresearchesgiveusgreatideasofexploringnewenergysources. ______14.Manyfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationasweplantousenewenergy. ______15.Howtousethesolarpowerwellisagoodexampleofincorporatingbothnaturalandsocialscienceconsiderations. ______16.Carbonemissionshavecausedseriousproblemstomankind. ______17.Energytransitioncallsforjointeffortsfrommanydisciplines. ______18.Theenergyissueposesachallengenotonlyforthedevelopingcountriesbutalsoforthedevelopedones. ______19.Withsupport,theenergyindustryischangingforabetterfuture. ______20.Solarenergydiffersfromtraditionalsourcesinthatindividualscanjoinintheproductionofenergy.

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2021-04-14 问题

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce. AWorldinTransition A)Thisyearopensinthewakeofthe2015ParisClimateChangeConference(COP21)andthelaunchoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Theformersetsouttoreachanagreementoncarbonemissions,whereasthelatteraimstocombatpovertyandinequalitywhileprotectingtheenvironment.Bothaddresscriticalsetsofchallengeswithprofoundimplicationsforthewaytheworldoperates.Andbothrequireseriousconsiderationsaboutenergy. B)It'sclearthatdealingwithclimatechangecallsfordeep(and,likely,total)decarbonizationofourenergysystem,whichentailsafundamentaltransformationofourinfrastructure.Italsodemandsimmediateandrapidaction,asourwindowforavoidingthedisastrousconsequencesofcarbonemissionsisevershrinking.Yetatthesametime,globalenergydemandcontinuestorise,particularlyinemerginganddevelopingcountries,raisingconcernsaboutenergysecurityeveninthedevelopedworld,whereonerarelyconsidersthatthelightsmaynotcomeonwhentheswitchisflipped.Howdowemeetdemandandstillachievetherequiredrapidchangeswhenmakingdecisionsaboutenergysupplycantakeyears,andthedevelopmentandconstructionofenergysourcescantakeevenlonger? C)Scienceandtechnologyundoubtedlyplayavitalrole.Researcheffortscontinuetofurnishuswithfreshinsightsintofundamentalphenomenathathelpusdevelopbetterdevicesandprocessesforgeneratingorstoringenergy.Forexample,newstudiesofphotovoltaicsareenablingmoreefficientcellstobeconstructed,andpresentingcheaper,moreflexibleapproachestobuildingthem;newfindingsintointerfacialorcatalyticphenomenagenerateadvancesinstoragetechnologiesthatcouldbolsterdeploymentofintermittentrenewablesandreshapethegrid;adeeperunderstandingofmaterialsandchemistrycanoffermoreefficientroutestothegenerationoffuels.Technologyinnovationbringsawealthofnewapplications,overcomingissuesofsupplyorenergyefficiency,allowingustoaddressmanyofthechallengeswefacetodayandhopefullymanyofthosewearen'tyetawareof. D)Yettobelievethattechnologyalonewillsaveusistoforgetthattechnologiesmustbeusedbypeople.Itisnotenoughtojustbuildandimplementnewtechnologies:thewayweuse,interactwith,andthinkaboutthemiscriticalaswell.Givenseveraloptionsofequalscientificmerit,thechoiceofwhichtopursuedependsonsocial,cultural,economicandpoliticalfactors.Thus,weshouldn'tforgetthatscienceandtechnologyformpartofabiggerandmorecomplicatedsystem,fullofimportantfeedbacksandloops.Ifwecanbetterunderstandthewaythatindividualsandsocietiesengagewithenergyondifferentlevels,wecandesignbettertoolsordeploytheminmoreappropriateways,reapinggreaterrewards. E)Considerphotovoltaics.Understandinghowtoimprovetheefficiencyofasolarcellisjustonestepintheprocessofincreasingtheuseofsolarpower:wemustalsoknowhowtobuildmodulesthatarelong-lastinganddurable;thatarecheaptoproduceatscaleandeasytoinstall;orthatcanfulfilfunctionsthatotherdesignscan't.Tomakesolarpowercompetitiveinthemarketplace,wehavetothinkaboutsubsidiesandwhatlevelofeconomicsupportmightberequiredoverwhatperiod.Therearealsoissuesaroundwheretoinstallsolarpanels:wherearegoodlocations,whydopeopleobjecttobuildingsolarfarmsneartothem,whatmotivatessomepeopletoinstallsolarpowerandotherstorefusetoadoptit?Solarpower(aswellasotherrenewablesourceslikewind)alsoenablesindividuals,communities,townsandcitiestopowerthemselvesindependentlyofcentralizedprovidersandtobecomeproducersofenergyaswellasconsumers,sellingexcesselectricitybacktothegrid.Thisgivesrisetoanumberoffurtherchallengesforgridoperation,businessmodels,regulationandgovernance.Andthisisalltosaynothingoftheadditionalopportunitiesthatopenupwhenphotovoltaicsarelinkedtoothertechnologies,likestorageorsmartgrids.Bythinkingmorecarefullyatasystemslevel,combiningnaturalandsocialscienceconsiderations,wecanmovetowardsamoreintegrated,flexibleenergysystemthatbetterfulfillsourgoals. F)Noonedisciplinecantrulyclaimtohavealltheanswerstoourenergychallenges.Whatisneededisamultiplicityofvoices---acombinedeffortfrommanydisciplinesalltryingtounderstandhowwecanfacilitatetheenergytransitionbutalsoallinteractingwithoneanother,sharingthebenefitsoftheirwisdomforthemutualgood.Ofcourse,thismultitudespeaksmanydifferentlanguages.Multi-andinterdisciplinarystudies---ofwhichthereareanever-growingnumber---helpherebyplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinremovingthetraditionalboundariesbetweengroupsandbroadeningtheconversation. G)Byorientingitselfaroundasubject,notadiscipline,NatureEnergyhopestobeahomeforthemanydifferentvoicesneeded,publishingthebestresearchandopiniononenergyissuesacrossthenaturalandsocialsciences.Italsopresentsperspectivesandopinionsondifferentaspectsoftheenergysystem,fromcarboncaptureandstorageprojectstogridbalancingandstorageforrenewables.Itwantstopublishtheresearchthatmattersthemosttoeachfieldbutthatwillalsobeofinterestandinfluentialforpeopleworkingelsewhereinenergy. H)Energyisanenormousbutexcitingfield.Thetransitiontothecleaner,greener,fairerenergysystemofthefutureisunderway.NatureEnergylooksforwardtohelpingspeeditalong. 11.NatureEnergyhopestoserveasaforumforthespreadanddiscussionofpressingenergyquestions. 12.Energyisanimportantpartinthedevelopmentplansmadefortheworld. 13.Scientificresearchesgiveusgreatideasofexploringnewenergysources. 14.Manyfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationasweplantousenewenergy. 15.Howtousethesolarpowerwellisagoodexampleofincorporatingbothnaturalandsocialscienceconsiderations. 16.Carbonemissionshavecausedseriousproblemstomankind. 17.Energytransitioncallsforjointeffortsfrommanydisciplines. 18.Theenergyissueposesachallengenotonlyforthedevelopingcountriesbutalsoforthedevelopedones. 19.Withsupport,theenergyindustryischangingforabetterfuture. 20.Solarenergydiffersfromtraditionalsourcesinthatindividualscanjoinintheproductionofenergy.

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce. AWorldinTransition A)Thisyearopensinthewakeofthe2015ParisClimateChangeConference(COP21)andthelaunchoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Theformersetsouttoreachanagreementoncarbonemissions,whereasthelatteraimstocombatpovertyandinequalitywhileprotectingtheenvironment.Bothaddresscriticalsetsofchallengeswithprofoundimplicationsforthewaytheworldoperates.Andbothrequireseriousconsiderationsaboutenergy. B)It'sclearthatdealingwithclimatechangecallsfordeep(and,likely,total)decarbonizationofourenergysystem,whichentailsafundamentaltransformationofourinfrastructure.Italsodemandsimmediateandrapidaction,asourwindowforavoidingthedisastrousconsequencesofcarbonemissionsisevershrinking.Yetatthesametime,globalenergydemandcontinuestorise,particularlyinemerginganddevelopingcountries,raisingconcernsaboutenergysecurityeveninthedevelopedworld,whereonerarelyconsidersthatthelightsmaynotcomeonwhentheswitchisflipped.Howdowemeetdemandandstillachievetherequiredrapidchangeswhenmakingdecisionsaboutenergysupplycantakeyears,andthedevelopmentandconstructionofenergysourcescantakeevenlonger? C)Scienceandtechnologyundoubtedlyplayavitalrole.Researcheffortscontinuetofurnishuswithfreshinsightsintofundamentalphenomenathathelpusdevelopbetterdevicesandprocessesforgeneratingorstoringenergy.Forexample,newstudiesofphotovoltaicsareenablingmoreefficientcellstobeconstructed,andpresentingcheaper,moreflexibleapproachestobuildingthem;newfindingsintointerfacialorcatalyticphenomenagenerateadvancesinstoragetechnologiesthatcouldbolsterdeploymentofintermittentrenewablesandreshapethegrid;adeeperunderstandingofmaterialsandchemistrycanoffermoreefficientroutestothegenerationoffuels.Technologyinnovationbringsawealthofnewapplications,overcomingissuesofsupplyorenergyefficiency,allowingustoaddressmanyofthechallengeswefacetodayandhopefullymanyofthosewearen'tyetawareof. D)Yettobelievethattechnologyalonewillsaveusistoforgetthattechnologiesmustbeusedbypeople.Itisnotenoughtojustbuildandimplementnewtechnologies:thewayweuse,interactwith,andthinkaboutthemiscriticalaswell.Givenseveraloptionsofequalscientificmerit,thechoiceofwhichtopursuedependsonsocial,cultural,economicandpoliticalfactors.Thus,weshouldn'tforgetthatscienceandtechnologyformpartofabiggerandmorecomplicatedsystem,fullofimportantfeedbacksandloops.Ifwecanbetterunderstandthewaythatindividualsandsocietiesengagewithenergyondifferentlevels,wecandesignbettertoolsordeploytheminmoreappropriateways,reapinggreaterrewards. E)Considerphotovoltaics.Understandinghowtoimprovetheefficiencyofasolarcellisjustonestepintheprocessofincreasingtheuseofsolarpower:wemustalsoknowhowtobuildmodulesthatarelong-lastinganddurable;thatarecheaptoproduceatscaleandeasytoinstall;orthatcanfulfilfunctionsthatotherdesignscan't.Tomakesolarpowercompetitiveinthemarketplace,wehavetothinkaboutsubsidiesandwhatlevelofeconomicsupportmightberequiredoverwhatperiod.Therearealsoissuesaroundwheretoinstallsolarpanels:wherearegoodlocations,whydopeopleobjecttobuildingsolarfarmsneartothem,whatmotivatessomepeopletoinstallsolarpowerandotherstorefusetoadoptit?Solarpower(aswellasotherrenewablesourceslikewind)alsoenablesindividuals,communities,townsandcitiestopowerthemselvesindependentlyofcentralizedprovidersandtobecomeproducersofenergyaswellasconsumers,sellingexcesselectricitybacktothegrid.Thisgivesrisetoanumberoffurtherchallengesforgridoperation,businessmodels,regulationandgovernance.Andthisisalltosaynothingoftheadditionalopportunitiesthatopenupwhenphotovoltaicsarelinkedtoothertechnologies,likestorageorsmartgrids.Bythinkingmorecarefullyatasystemslevel,combiningnaturalandsocialscienceconsiderations,wecanmovetowardsamoreintegrated,flexibleenergysystemthatbetterfulfillsourgoals. F)Noonedisciplinecantrulyclaimtohavealltheanswerstoourenergychallenges.Whatisneededisamultiplicityofvoices---acombinedeffortfrommanydisciplinesalltryingtounderstandhowwecanfacilitatetheenergytransitionbutalsoallinteractingwithoneanother,sharingthebenefitsoftheirwisdomforthemutualgood.Ofcourse,thismultitudespeaksmanydifferentlanguages.Multi-andinterdisciplinarystudies---ofwhichthereareanever-growingnumber---helpherebyplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinremovingthetraditionalboundariesbetweengroupsandbroadeningtheconversation. G)Byorientingitselfaroundasubject,notadiscipline,NatureEnergyhopestobeahomeforthemanydifferentvoicesneeded,publishingthebestresearchandopiniononenergyissuesacrossthenaturalandsocialsciences.Italsopresentsperspectivesandopinionsondifferentaspectsoftheenergysystem,fromcarboncaptureandstorageprojectstogridbalancingandstorageforrenewables.Itwantstopublishtheresearchthatmattersthemosttoeachfieldbutthatwillalsobeofinterestandinfluentialforpeopleworkingelsewhereinenergy. H)Energyisanenormousbutexcitingfield.Thetransitiontothecleaner,greener,fairerenergysystemofthefutureisunderway.NatureEnergylooksforwardtohelpingspeeditalong. ______11.NatureEnergyhopestoserveasaforumforthespreadanddiscussionofpressingenergyquestions. ______12.Energyisanimportantpartinthedevelopmentplansmadefortheworld. ______13.Scientificresearchesgiveusgreatideasofexploringnewenergysources. ______14.Manyfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationasweplantousenewenergy. ______15.Howtousethesolarpowerwellisagoodexampleofincorporatingbothnaturalandsocialscienceconsiderations. ______16.Carbonemissionshavecausedseriousproblemstomankind. ______17.Energytransitioncallsforjointeffortsfrommanydisciplines. ______18.Theenergyissueposesachallengenotonlyforthedevelopingcountriesbutalsoforthedevelopedones. ______19.Withsupport,theenergyindustryischangingforabetterfuture. ______20.Solarenergydiffersfromtraditionalsourcesinthatindividualscanjoinintheproductionofenergy.