What is the shortening form of “Michael”?（ ）

The term “app” is a shortening of the term “system software”.

The microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton are dynamic polymers that are subject to shortening， lengthening， disassembly， and reassembly.（ ）

The following are all variations of idioms, except ______. A: replacement B: addition C: shortening D: repetition

The seasonal significance of the winter solstice is in the reversal of the gradual lengthening of nights and shortening hours of daylight during the day.（ ）

Word-formation excludes ______. A: affixation and compounding B: conversion and shortening C: clipping, acronymy and blending D: repetition and alliteration

Very few linguists in China are in favor of ( ) Chinese characters. A: strengthening B: straightening C: simplifying D: shortening

The innovation of jet flight had made the world seem smaller. A: speed B: improvement C: shortening D: introduction

The innovation of jet flight had made the world seem smaller. A: speed B: reformation C: shortening D: application

30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______. A: compounding B: affixation C: conversion D: shortening