Mr. Ullman was the ___9___ for the new study. He is a professor of neuroscience at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington. He says he was __10__ to find that combining the two methods might not help the brain in __11__ the new language.

COMPREHENSION QUESTION 1.1.2 What are the two kinds of science that will be emphasized during this course ? A: Research on brain development and cognitive neuroscience B: Research on health and education C: Research on how children develop and research on program implementation and impacts D: Research on program implementation and impacts and policy evaluation

Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box. Change the form where necessary. landmark aspire contradiction witness divorce domestic entitle let alone advantageous establishment patriotic sweep aside pendulum vanish displace strengthen 1) The general ordered his troops to move quickly towards a(n) _____________________ position. 2) People would think the seven-year-old couldn't even reach the pedals, __________________ drive the car. Nevertheless, he made it! 3) In a sense, we are witnessing the ___________________ of national boarders in many areas of economic activity in the world today. 4) The tower built at the turn of the century became a ______________ of the city. 5) In a book _____________ A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson tries to ignite(激起)a passion for knowledge in young readers. 6) It seems neuroscience(神经系统科学)is threatening to ___________ physics as the queen of the sciences. 7) It is only natural for the people to challenge the ________________, especially when the economic outlook is gloomy. 8) If anything, this movie appeals to the _______________ feelings of the people and helps to strengthen the unity. 9) Julius Caesar(凯撒)in this play is a man full of ________________, at times strong and confident, but at other times old and frail. 10) The newly launched website _____________ to create a virtual community of common interest via exchange of views on the future of the Internet. 11) What Ann advocates just shows how ______________ from reality she has become. 12) After investigating the behavior of ________________, Galileo was able to use them as time measurement devices in many of his experiments.

Gregory Currie, a professor of philosophy at the University of Nottingham, recently argued in The New York Times that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no “compelling evidence that suggests that people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy” or other great books. Actually, there is such evidence. Raymond Mar, a psychologist at York University in Canada, and Keith Oatley, a professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto, reported in studies published in 2006 and 2009 that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize (起共鸣) with them and view the world from their perspective. This link persisted even after the researchers factored in the possibility that more empathetic individuals might choose to read more novels. Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading of books is a distinctive experience, very different from the information-driven reading we do on the Web. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely conducive to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks allowing the reader to remain fully immersed in the narrative, without having to make such decisions as whether to click on a link or not. That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity, by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even increasing our real-life capacity for empathy. This is not reading as many young people are coming to know it. Their reading, mostly done onscreen, is pragmatic (实际的) and instrumental. If we allow our children to believe reading onscreen is all there is, we will have deprived them of an enjoyable and enlightening experience that will enlarge them as people. Instead molding our education around young people’s attachment to digital devices and onscreen habits, we need to show them some place they’ve never been, a place only deep reading can take them.