MaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.
ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebelief,attitudes,valuesandmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.
LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodemerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.
Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.
Whatisoneofthereasonsfortheincreaseofrationalization?
ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebelief,attitudes,valuesandmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.
LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodemerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.
Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.
Whatisoneofthereasonsfortheincreaseofrationalization?
举一反三
- MaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions. ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebelief,attitudes,valuesandmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions. LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodemerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations. Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld. AccordingtoWeber,whatcharacteristicshouldexplanationsofindividualactionshave?
- MaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions. ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebelief,attitudes,valuesandmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions. LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodemerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations. Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld. InwhichaspectdoestheauthorimplythatthatMaxWeberwasdifferentfromDurkheim?
- 官僚制的出现意味着人类社会往理性化方面运转。( )
- 20.官僚制的出现意味着人类社会往理性化方面运转。( )
- 23.官僚制的出现意味着人类社会往理性化方面运转。( )