Chinese communal meals are representative of ____which stress communion and harmony.

The functions of language do NOT include_______________. A: informative function B: interpersonal function C: phatic communion D: material function

9. The Colors of Christmas There are several colors which are traditionally associated with Christmas, such as green, red and gold. But why do people have them and what do the colors represent?Most the colors and their meanings come from the western/northern European traditions and customs, when Christmas is in the middle of winter and it's dark and cold.1）GreenEvergreen plants, like Holly, Ivy and Mistletoe have been used for thousands of years to decorate and brighten up buildings during the long dark winter. They also reminded people that spring would come and that winter wouldn't last forever!The Romans would exchange evergreen branches during January as a sign of good luck. The ancient Egyptians used to bring palm branches into their houses during the mid winter festivals.In many parts of Europe during the middle ages, Paradise plays were performed, often on Christmas Eve. They told Bible stories to people who couldn't read. The “Paradise Tree” in the garden of Eden in the play was normally a pine tree with red apples tied to it.Now the most common use of green at Christmas are Christmas Trees.2）RedAs mentioned above, an early use of red at Christmas were the apples on the paradise tree. They represented the fall of Adam in the plays. Red is also the color of Holly berries, which is said to represent the blood of Jesus when he died on the cross. And red is the color of Bishops robes. These would have been worn by St. Nicholas and then also became Santa's uniform!3）GoldGold is the color of the Sun and light - both very important in the dark winter. And both red and gold are the colors of fire that you need to keep you warm. Gold was also one of the presents brought to the baby Jesus by one of the wise men and traditionally it's the color used to show the star that the wise men followed. Silver is sometimes used instead of (or with) gold. But gold is a “warmer” color.4）WhiteWhite is often associated with purity and peace in western cultures. The snow of winter is also very white! White paper wafers were also sometimes used to decorate paradise trees. The wafers represented the bread eaten during Christian Communion or Mass, when Christians remember that Jesus died for them. White is used by most churches as the color of Christmas, when the altar is covered with a white cloth (in the Russian Orthodox Church Gold is used for Christmas).5）BlueThe color blue is often associated with Mary, the mother of Jesus. In medieval times blue dye and paint was more expensive than gold! So it would only be worn by Royal families and very rich people. Mary was often painted wearing blue to show she was very important. Blue can also represent the color of the sky and heaven.18. Which one of the following colors is used to represent the star according to the passage? A: White. B: Yellow. C: Silver. D: Gold.

9. The Colors of Christmas There are several colors which are traditionally associated with Christmas, such as green, red and gold. But why do people have them and what do the colors represent?Most the colors and their meanings come from the western/northern European traditions and customs, when Christmas is in the middle of winter and it's dark and cold.1）GreenEvergreen plants, like Holly, Ivy and Mistletoe have been used for thousands of years to decorate and brighten up buildings during the long dark winter. They also reminded people that spring would come and that winter wouldn't last forever!The Romans would exchange evergreen branches during January as a sign of good luck. The ancient Egyptians used to bring palm branches into their houses during the mid winter festivals.In many parts of Europe during the middle ages, Paradise plays were performed, often on Christmas Eve. They told Bible stories to people who couldn't read. The “Paradise Tree” in the garden of Eden in the play was normally a pine tree with red apples tied to it.Now the most common use of green at Christmas are Christmas Trees.2）RedAs mentioned above, an early use of red at Christmas were the apples on the paradise tree. They represented the fall of Adam in the plays. Red is also the color of Holly berries, which is said to represent the blood of Jesus when he died on the cross. And red is the color of Bishops robes. These would have been worn by St. Nicholas and then also became Santa's uniform!3）GoldGold is the color of the Sun and light - both very important in the dark winter. And both red and gold are the colors of fire that you need to keep you warm. Gold was also one of the presents brought to the baby Jesus by one of the wise men and traditionally it's the color used to show the star that the wise men followed. Silver is sometimes used instead of (or with) gold. But gold is a “warmer” color.4）WhiteWhite is often associated with purity and peace in western cultures. The snow of winter is also very white! White paper wafers were also sometimes used to decorate paradise trees. The wafers represented the bread eaten during Christian Communion or Mass, when Christians remember that Jesus died for them. White is used by most churches as the color of Christmas, when the altar is covered with a white cloth (in the Russian Orthodox Church Gold is used for Christmas).5）BlueThe color blue is often associated with Mary, the mother of Jesus. In medieval times blue dye and paint was more expensive than gold! So it would only be worn by Royal families and very rich people. Mary was often painted wearing blue to show she was very important. Blue can also represent the color of the sky and heaven.17. Which one of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A: In many parts of Europe during the middle ages, Paradise plays were performed, often on December 25th . B: Red is the color of Santa's uniform. C: Gold is used as one of the colors of Christmas because it stands for royalty. D: Mary was often painted wearing blue because she was very rich.