It has been found that the placebo is effective in every disease.

The placebo has been found to work ________ a lot of different cases. A: with B: on C: in D: at

The study had some important limitations. It was a pilot study and ( ) a placebo control. A: lacked B: missed C: lost D: neglected

The most successful treatment described in the passage was a serum prepared from ______. A: the blood of patients who have been stung B: poison extracted from bees C: crushed bodies of bees D: a placebo and a crushed-body extract

In what cases, do placebos work better? A: The patient has a lot of trust in the doctor. B: The doctor really wants to help the patient. C: The placebo looks exactly like the real medicine. D: The patient doesn't believe he will get better.

According to paragraph three, what can we learn about the experiment A: 30% of the patients take placebos. B: The effect of placebo has nothing to do with the dose. C: Patients feel still better if they are given two instead of one placebo. D: Patients know they are taking placebos rather than real drugs.

7. The risk of developing breast cancer in a certain population is 4%. A study investigating hormone replacement therapy finds that the hormone replacement therapy group has a 25% greater chance of getting breast cancer compared to the placebo group. Based on the study's finding, how many additional cases of breast cancer could one expect in a group of 100 women who undergo hormone replacement therapy compared with 100 who do not?

下述哪种表述是关于安慰剂效应（placebo effect）的例子？ A: A.被试服用某种能影响任务成绩的药物 B: B.当被试知道被监控时行为会不同 C: C.当被试知道有关于实验假设时行为会不同 D: D.以上均不对

四级选词阅读理解-muscle performance 四级选词填空阅读理解 考查的知识点：1.考生对词性的把握，如不定冠词(a)、介词(of)、形容词后跟名词;2.常用短语3.时态运用；4.逻辑衔接表达，如指代(such)，递进(also)、转折(conversely)等的理解。 考生应在结合上下文理解句意的基础上进行综合作答，注意词性正确、常用短语搭配、动词时态、前后逻辑对应等。 请在把单词前面的大写字母填入答案处。 A) cautiously I) phenomenon B) commit J) preventing C) control K) sensitive D) cycling L) slowing E) effectively M) solution F) increased N) sufficient G) involved O) vigorous H) limited As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your muscles, but also your eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can perk them right up again. During （1）exercise, our muscles tire as they run out of fuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a (2) called "central fatigue," in which an imbalance in the body's chemical messengers prevents the central nervous system from directing muscle movements (3) . It was not known, however, whether central fatigue might also affect motor systems not directly (4). in the exercise itself—such as those that move the eyes. To find out, researchers gave 11 volunteers a carbohydrate (5) either with a moderate dose of caffeine—which is known to stimulate the central nervous system—or as a placebo without, during 3 hours of (6) . After exercising, the scientists tested the cyclists with eye-tracking cameras to see how well their brains could still (7) their visual system. The team found that exercise reduced the speed of rapid eye movements by about 8%, (8) their ability to capture new visual information. The caffeine—the equivalent of two strong cups of coffee—was (9) to counteract this effect, with some cyclists even displaying ( 10) eye movement speeds, the team reports today in Scientific Reports. So it might be a good idea to get someone else to drive you home after that marathon.

Why do smokers tend to weigh less than nonsmokers and gain weight when they give up the habit? Contrary to “common knowledge”, nonsmokers do not generally eat more than smokers, nor do they exercise less, studies find. Research performed on smokers at rest indicates that nicotine (尼古丁) itself can increase basal metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates, meaning smokers burn more energy than nonsmokers during periods of inactivity. But surveys suggest most smokers smoke not while completely at rest, but while performing light activities such as desk work that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. Unless nicotine’s metabolic effects increase proportionally with metabolic rates, its influence on weight might be insignificant. Now a study shows that nicotine’s effects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase proportionally with increases in activity. “These results indicate that the metabolic effect of nicotine may play a greater part in accounting for body-weight differences between smokers and nonsmokers than was previously believed,” says Kenneth A. Perkins and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. The researchers gave a nicotine nose spray to individuals performing light work — in this case riding an exercise bicycle modified to allow easy riding while subjects remain seated in a comfortable armchair. The activity raised resting metabolic rates two to three times. By analyzing air breathed out, the researchers calculated energy consumption in the armchair bicyclists before and after giving the nose spray and compared the relative changes with subjects in the control group given placebo (（试验药物用的）无效对照剂) nose sprays. Relative to their baseline bicycle expenditures, individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy than did those in control group while doing the same amount of work. With nicotine, Perkins says, “It’s as if the body is becoming much less efficient in using its stored energy.” While the results may seem discouraging to smokers who’d like to quit without gaining weight, Perkins notes that walking an extra mile a day should make up for the difference in metabolic efficiency. And he says smokers would have to gain “well more than 50 pounds” to counterbalance the health risks of continued smoking.