中国大学MOOC: The contributors are usually acknowledged in order of________.

中国大学MOOC: difficulties, hardships and major obstacles are actually major contributors to success.

In an acceptance speech, you should thank the contributors to your success, but not the organization that gives you the award.

difficulties, hardships and major obstacles are actually major contributors to success. A: Slight B: Little C: Smal D: Intense

Autonomy is one of the major contributors to the enjoyment of work. A: Ancient Greece B: the Middle Ages C: John Calvin D: the Industrial Age E: the Information Age

Honors: A. The United States gave him its highest award, a special Congressional Medal of Honor. B. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _______ for several minutes in honor of this great man. C. As “one of the great heroes of invention’’, Edison rightfully belongs among America’s and the world’s great contributors to _______.

Textbooks represent an 11 billion dollar industry, up from $8 billion in 2014. Textbook publisher Pearson is the largest publisher—of any kind—in the world. It costs about $1 million to create a new textbook. A freshman textbook will have dozens of contributors, from subject-matter experts through graphic and layout artists to expert reviewers and classroom testers. Textbook publishers connect professors, instructors and students in ways that alternatives, such as Open E-Textbooks and Open Educational Resources, simply do not. This connection happens not only by means of collaborative development, review and testing, but also at conferences where faculty regularly decide on their textbooks and curricula for the coming year. It is true that textbook publishers have recently reported losses, largely due to students renting or buying used print textbooks. But this can be chalked up to the exorbitant cost of their books—which has increased over 1,000 percent since 1977. A reshuffling of the textbook industry may well be in order. But this does not mean the end of the textbook itself. While they may not be as dynamic as an iPad, textbooks are not passive or lifeless. For example, over the centuries, they have simulated dialogue in a number of ways. From 1800 to the present day, textbooks have done this by posing questions for students to answer inductively. That means students are asked to use their individual experience to come up with answers to general questions. Today’s psychology texts, for example, ask: “How much of your personality do you think you inherited?” while ones in physics say: “How can you predict where the ball you tossed will land?” Experts observe that “textbooks come in layers, something like an onion.” For the active learner, engaging with a textbook can be an interactive experience: Readers proceed at their own pace. They “customize” their books by engaging with different layers and linkages. Highlighting, Post-It notes, dog-ears and other techniques allow for further customization that students value in print books over digital forms of books.

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2. Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress A) Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph's market in HuntingtonBeach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her someidea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. "Have you thoughtabout trying fresh juices in the morning?" he asks her. "The frozen oranges and apples are alittle cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare; youcan take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning." B) Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of thenearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. Thecenter's "Shop with Your Doc" program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with anypatients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around withquestions. C) Nаdеаu nоtісеѕ thе рrе-mаdе mасаrоnі（通心粉）-аnd-сhееѕе bохеѕ іn Ѕсоtt'ѕ ѕhорріng саrtаnd suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. "So I'd have to make it?" she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have herkids reject it. "I'm not sure they'd eat it. They just won't eat it." D) Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes ratesamong children. "In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food," Nadeau tells her. "And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that." Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Scoreone point for the doctor, zero for diabetes. E) Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicinemovement has been around for decades, but it's making progress as physicians and medicalinstitutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications（药物）. By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as "Shop with Your Doc", they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. "There's no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversinghigh blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices," Nadeau says. F) In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of St. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becominga health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of theTherapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, whichcompleted its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sitesthroughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for theircondition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. "We really want to link food andmedicine, and not just give away food," says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital's medical directorof Healthy Food Initiatives. "We want people to understand what they're eating, how toprepare it, the role food plays in their lives." G) In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specializedtraining for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine—that is a formal specialty in using foodto treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reversediseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illnesscan benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look atthe collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foodsin the American diet contribute to the nation's high rates of obesity, diabetes and heartdisease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart diseaseand stroke are caused by high blood, pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and lowconsumption of fruits and vegetables. H) "It's a different paradigm（范式）of how to treat disease," says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helpsrun the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School ofMedicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent andtreat disease, in part, by changing patient's nutritional habits. The medical center and school atLoma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not onlylearn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home. I) Many people don't know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching peopleabout which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform apatient's life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient's family. "What people eat can be medicine or poison," Rea says. "As a physician, nutrition is one ofthe most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease." J) Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎症）, forexample, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cell. In general, many lifestyle medicinephysicians recommend a plant-based diet—particularly for people with diabetes or otherinflammatory conditions. K) "As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen," says Nguyen. "In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and wereable to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it." 36.__________ More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.