（）heavy commitments，we cannot accept any fresh orders. A: a.Due B: b.Owing to C: c.Because D: d.Inaddition to

Shakinghandsisnormwhenbeingintroduced,inaddition,yousee()kissingwhentheymeet. A: twowomen B: twomen C: amanandawoman D: noneisright

Wehavetoleaveherenow--foronething,there'snotmuchfoodleft,and_____,theenemyaregettingclosertous. A: what'smore B: aswell C: foranothe D: inaddition

Teachers can no longer use their past experiences to prepare students for their future career; ________, our young people need to rely on themselves. A: sometimes B: inaddition C: hence D: also

1)schooluniformsshouldbemandatoryforallstudentsforanumberofreasons.2)Firstofall,uniformsmakeeveryoneequal.3)Inthisway,the"rich"kidsareonthesamelevelasthepoorones.4)Inaddition,gettingreadyforschoolcanbemuchfasterandeasier.5)Manykidswastetimechoosingwhattoweartoschool,andtheyandtheirparentsareoftenunhappywiththeirfinalchoices.6)Mostimportant,somestudiesshowthatschooluniformsmakestudentsperformbetterinschool.7)Manypeoplemightsaythatuniformstakeawayformpersonalfreedom,butIbelievethebenefitsarestrongerthanthedrawbacks.Q1:whichisthetopicsentence? A: sentence1) B: sentence7) C: sentence3) D: sentence4)

PartB<br/>Directions:<em>ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.</em><br/>Threecommonwaysofrememberingare:repetition,association,andexaggeration.<br/>Repetitionisthekeytolongtermmemory.61)<spanstyle="text-decoration:underline;">Physiologically,whenbraincellsareactivatedbythememoryprocess,thenervecellcoatingbecomesthickerandthickerwitheachrepetition,strengtheningtheelectricalpathwayinbrainthatconstitutesmemory.</span>Inaddition,whenassociationsbetweenpartsofathingrememberedareformed,thenervecellbodysendsoutaxonrunnerstootherassociatedmemorycells.Theserunnersfromonecellconnecttorunnersonothercells.62)<spanstyle="text-decoration:underline;">Asthepathwayisusedrepetitiously,thesurroundingcellsbecomelargerandmoretightlywrappedaroundtheelectricallyconductivepathways,therebytransformingthememoryfromashort-termmemorytoalong-termmemory.</span><br/>Memoriesofsimilarobjectsresideinnearbyregionsofthebrain,whilememoriesofexoticorexaggeratedobjectsarefartheraway.63)<spanstyle="text-decoration:underline;">Byformingmemorieswithcreativeandunusualassociations,manymorepathwaysareestablished,muchlikeaspiderweavinganeverbiggerweb,inwhicheachpartleadstothecenterbymanyinterconnectedpathways.</span><br/>Memorylinksarealsoestablishedwhenavarietyofsensationsandmuscularactivityareengaged.64)I<spanstyle="text-decoration:underline;">ndeed,somepeopleseemtobemoreproficientatlearningbyeitherseeing,hearingorwriting,butnoonemethodcanprovidethemorenumerouspathwaysprovidedbyallthreeincombination.</span><br/>Memoryisenhancednotonlybyrepetition,butalsobyassociationandexaggerationofcertainfeaturesoftheobject.Manymemoriesarerecalledasseriesofobjects.Forinstance,amemorydevicemrememberfourcommonlogicalfallaciesisapictureoftheEarth,withthegreencontinentsandblueoceans,viewedfromouterspacewithaflightofwhitegeesecirclingaroundit.Thisimageisusedtorecallthestatement“geesecircleeverycontinent.“Thefirstlettersofthatstatementstandforthelogicfallaciesofgeneralization,circularities,either/or,andcauseandeffect.<br/>Size,also,seemstoplayaroleinmemorization.DuringtheMiddleAges,memorycontestswereheldannually.Inone,thewinnerrememberedonehundredthousandsequentialitems.Atime-provenmemorymethodfromtheMiddleAgesisassociationofabstractideastolargeobjects.65)<spanstyle="text-decoration:underline;">Theobjectsusedfortriggerrecallseemtoneedtobeaboutthesizeofahuman,sothat,ifwewereblind,wecouldidentifytheobjectbytouch.</span>Largeobjectsinthememoryseemtoengagemuscularmemoryareasaswellassightmemoryareasinthebrainandexpandthememoryweb.Forinstance,rememberingthepointsofaspeechaboutamilitarybattlemightinvolvingwalkingfromoneroomtoanotherinafamiliarhouse.

Passage32<br/><spanstyle="display:block;text-align:center;">IndependentInformationandAnalysisfromtheUSA</span>TheGapBetweenRichandPoorWidenedinU.S.CapitalWashingtonD.C.ranksfirstamongthe40citieswiththewidestgapbetweenthepoorandtherich,accordingtoarecentreportreleasedbytheD.C.FiscalPolicyInstituteonJuly22nd.Thetop20percentofhouseholdsinD.C.haveanaverageyearlyincomeof$186,830,31timesthatofthebottom20percent,whichearnsonly$6,126peryear.TheincomegapisalsobiginAtlantaandMiami,butthedifferenceisnotaspronounced.<br/>Thereportalsoindicatesthatthewideninggapoccurredmainlyduringthe1990s.Overthelastdecade,theaverageincomeofthetop20percentofhouseholdshasgrown36percent,whiletheaverageincomeofthebottom20percenthasonlyrisen3percent<br/>“Ibelievetheconcentrationofthemiddle-tohigh-incomefamiliesintheD.C.areawillcontinue,therefore,theincomegapbetweenrichandpoorwillbehardtobridge,”DavidGarrisontoldtheWashingtonObserver.GarrisonisaseniorresearcherwiththeBrookingsInstitution,specializinginthestudyofthesocialandeconomicpoliciesinthegreaterWashingtonD.C.area.<br/>ThereportattributedthepersistentincomegapinWashingtontothearea’sspecialjobopportunities,whichattracthigh-incomehouseholds.EspeciallysincethefederalgovernmentisbasedinWashingtonD.C.,Governmentagenciesandothergovernmentrelatedbusinessessuchaslobbyingfirmsandgovernmentcontractorsconstantlyofferhigh-payingjobs,whichcontributetothetrendofincreasinghigh-incomehouseholdsintheD.C.area.Forexample,asingleyoungprofessionalworkinginalawfirminD.C.canearnasmuchas$100,000inhisorherfirstyearoutoflawschool.“Inaddition,high-qualityhousingavailableinWashingtonD.C.isoneofthemainreasonswhyhigh-incomefamilieschoosetolivehere,whilemiddleandlow-incomefamilies,iftheycanaffordit,choosetomoveoutofWashingtonD.C.totheVirginiaandMarylandsuburbssothattheirkidscangotobetterschools,”statedGarrison.<br/>“AsrichfamiliescontinuetomoveintoD.C.andmiddleandlow-incomefamiliesaremovingout,thepoorestfamiliesareleftwithnowheretomove,orcannotaffordtomove.Thiscreatesthesituationwefacenow:ahugeincomegapbetweentherichandpoor.”<br/>TheWashingtonD.C.areatowhichGarrisonrefersistheDistrictofColumbiacityitself,notincludingthegreaterWashingtonmetroarea.“ThegreaterWashingtonmetroareahasalargepopulationofabout5million,butthelow-incomehouseholdsareoftenconcentratedinD.C.proper,”Garrisonexplained.<br/>TonyBlalock,thespokespersonforMayorAnthonyWilliams,saidresignedly,“NomatterwhatweseemtodotobringinvestmentintotheDistrict,acertainpopulationisnotabletoaccesstheuniqueemploymentopportunitiesthere.Thegapbetweentherichandpooristheproductofcomplexforces,andwon’tbefixedovernight.”<br/>GarrisonbelievesthattheD.C.governmentshouldattracthigh-incomefamilies.Bydoingso,theDistrict’staxbasecangrow,whichinturncanhelpimproveD.C.’sinfrastructure.“Butinthemeantime,theDistrictgovernmentshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationtherightsofthepoor,setupgoodschoolsforthem,andprovidesoundsocialwelfare.Allthesemeasurescanalleviatethediresituationcausedbyincomedisparity.“<br/>Garrison,however,isnotoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofclosingthegapbetweentherichandpoor.Heisparticularlydoubtfulthatcurrenteconomicprogresswillbeabletohelpoutthepoor.“Bush’stax-cutplandidbringaboutthiswaveofeconomicrecovery,andtheworkingprofessionalsandrichdidbenefitfromit.Itisunfairtosaythattheplandidnothelpthepooratall…itjustdidn’tbenefitthemasmuchasitdidtherich,”Garrisonsaid.“TheworkingclassinAmerica,thosewhodothesimplestwork,getpaidtheleast,anddutifullypaytheirtaxes,hasnotbenefitedfromBush’stax-cutplanmuch.”<br/>Garrisonconcludes,“AlotofcitiesinAmericadidnotenjoythepositiveimpactoftheeconomicrecovery.WashingtonD.C.,ontheotherhand,hasalwaysbeenshelteredbythefederalgovernment.ThewidegapbetweenrichandpoorintheDistrict,therefore,deservesmorein-depthstudyandexploration.”

WorkandPlayWhatdowemeanbyleisure,andwhyshouldweassumethatitrepresentsaproblemtobesolvedbytheartsThegreatagesofartwerenotconspicuousfortheirleisure-atleast,artwasnotanactivityassociatedwithleisure.Itwasacraftlikeanyother,concernedwiththemakingofnecessarythings.Leisure,inthepresentmeaningoftheword,didnotexist.Leisure,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,meantnomorethan"time"or"opportunity";"Ifyourleisureserved,Iwouldspeakwithyou",saysoneofShakespeare’’scharacters.Phraseswhichwestilluse,suchas"atyourleisure",preservethisoriginalmeaning.Butwhenwespeakofleisurenowadays,wearenotthinkingofsecuringtimeoropportunitytodosomething;timeisheavyonourhandsandtheproblemishowtofillit.Leisurenolongersignifiesaspacewithsomedifficultysecuredagainstthepressureofevents:ratheritisapervasiveemptinessforwhichwemustinventoccupations.Leisureisavacuum,adesperatestateofvacancy-avacancyofmindandbody.Ithasbeencommandeeredbythesociologistsandthepsychologists:itisaproblem.Ourdiurnalexistenceisdividedintotwophases,asdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworksomanyhoursaday,and,whenwehaveallowedthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping,therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreations,anelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisure,butspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment-notfootballbutwatchingfootballmatches;notacting,buttheatre-going;notwalking,butridinginamotorcoach.Weneedtomake,therefore,ahardandfastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybut,equally,betweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.Itis,Isuppose,thedeclineofactiveplayofamateursportandtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhasgivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulation,insteadofindulginginsport,spendtheirhoursofleisureviewingtelevisionprogrammes,therewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.And,inaddition,therewillbeapsychologicalproblem,forwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofaprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.Thereis,ifweareoptimistic,thepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhoseethem:fewpeoplecangiveacoherentaccountofthefilmtheysawtheweekbeforelast,andatlongerintervalstheymustrelyonthemanagementtoseethattheydonotsitthroughthesamefilmtwice.Wehavetoliveartifwewouldbeaffectedbyart.Wehavetopaintratherthanlookatpaintings,toplayinstrumentsratherthangotoconcerts,todanceandsingandactourselves,engagingalloursensesintheritualanddisciplineofthearts.Thensomethingmaybegintohappentous:toworkuponourbodiesandoursouls.Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactive,participatedin,practised,thatitcanproperlybecalledplay,andassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttowork,andisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Itistherethatthefinalandmostfundamentalerrorentersintoourconceptionofdailylife.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving:toearn,thatistosay,sufficienttokenswhichwecanexchangeforfoodandshelterandalltheotherneedsofourexistence.Butsomeofusworkphysically,tillingtheland,mindingthemachines,diggingthecoal;othersworkmentally,keepingaccounts,inventingmachines,teachingandpreaching,managingandgoverning.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupations,exceptthattheyconsumeourtime,andleaveuslittleleisure.Wemaynextobservethatoneman’’sprofessionorworkisoftenanotherman’’srecreationorplay.Themerchantattheweekendbecomesahunter(hehasnotyettakentomining);theclerkbecomesagardener;themachine-tenderbecomesabreederofbull-terriers.Thereis,ofcourse,asoundinstinctbehindsuchtransformations.Thebodyandmindareunconsciouslyseekingcompensation-muscularcoordination,mentalintegration.Butinmanycasesadissociationissetupandtheindividualleadsadoublelife-onehalfJekyll,theotherhalfHyde.ThereisaprofoundmoralbehindthatstoryofStevenson’’s,forthecompensationwhichadisintegratedpersonalitymayseekwilloftenbeofananti-socialnature.TheNaziparty,forexample,initsearlydayswaslargelyrecruitedfromthebored-notsomuchfromtheunemployedasfromthestreet-cornersocietyoflistlesshooligans.Scientificstudieshavebeenmadeofstreet-cornersociety,outofwhichcrime,gangsterdom,andfascisminevitablydevelop.Itisasocietywithleisure-thatistosay,sparetime—andwithoutcompensatoryoccupation.ItdoesnotneedaSatantofindmischiefforsuchidlehandstodo.Theywillspontaneouslyitchtodosomething:muscleshavealifeoftheirownunlesstheyaretrainedtopurposefulactions.Actions,orratheractivities,aretheobviousreflextoleisure;theyconsumeit,andleavetheproblemsolved.Butworkisalsoactivity,andifwereachtheconclusionthatallourtimemustbefilledwithoneactivityoranother,thedistinctionbetweenworkandplaybecomesrathermeaningless,andwhatwemeanbyplayismerelyachangeofoccupation.Wepassfromoneformofactivitytoanother;onewecallwork,andforthatwereceivepay;theotherwecallplay,andforthatwereceivenopay-onthecontrary,weprobablypayasubscription.Thewords"work"and"play"aregenerallyusedtorefertodayandnight. A: Y B: N C: NG

请背诵一下常用常考短语(一)名词的固定搭配byaccident偶然onaccountof因为,由于inaddition另外inadditionto除......之外(包括)intheair在流行中,在传播中on(the/an)average平均,一般来说onthebasisof根据,在......的基础上at(the)best充其量,至多forthebetter好转,改善onboard在船(车、飞机)上outofbreath喘不过气来onbusiness因公,因事inanycase无论如何,总之incaseof假使,万一incase假如,以防(万一),免得inline成一直线,排成一行inlinewith与......一致,按照ataloss困惑,不知所措byallmeans无论如何,必定bymeansof借助于,用bynomeans决不inmemoryof纪念atthemercyof在......支配下bymistake错误地atthemoment现在,此刻foramoment片刻,一会儿forthemoment现在,暂时inamoment立刻,马上asaresultof由于......的结果inreturn作为报答,作为回报ontheroad在旅途中asarule规章,规则;通常,照例inthelongrun最终,从长远观点看forthesakeof为了......起见onsale出售;贱卖onalargescale大规模地onasmallscale小规模地insecret秘密地,私下地inasense从某种意义上说inshape处于良好状态ontheside作为兼职,额外atthesametime但是,然而,同时attimes有时forthetimebeing目前,暂时fromtimetotime有时,不时innotime立即,马上intime及时,适时地ontime准时ontopof在......之上outoftouch失去联系intruth事实上,实际上,的确ontry试穿byturns轮流,交替地inturn依次,轮流invain徒劳,无效avarietyof种种,各种byvirtueof由于makea/thedifference有影响,很重要carry/bringintoeffect使生效,使起作用putintoeffect实行,生效come/gointoeffect生效,实施takeeffect生效,起作用catchone’seye引人注目keepaneyeon留意,照看makefaces做鬼脸findfault埋怨,挑剔catchfire着火come/gointoforce生效,实施makefriends交朋友,友好相处befriendswith对......友好,与......交上朋友makefunof取笑,嘲弄keepone’shead保持镇静loseone’shead不知所措keephouse管理家务,做家务throw/castlighton使明白,阐明bear/keepinmind记住haveinmind记住,考虑到,想到makeupone’smind下决心come/gointooperation使投入生产,使运转putinorder整理,检修keep/holdpacewith跟上,与......同步playapart起作用takeplace发生,进行taketheplaceof代替makeprogress进步,进展giveriseto引起,使发生makesense讲得通,有意义catchthesightof发现,突然看见(go)onthestage当演员takeone’stime不急不忙,从容进行keepintouch保持联系keeptrack通晓事态,注意动向losetrack失去联系makeuseof利用

如果ξ与η不相关，则（）。 A: D（ξ+η）=Dξ+Dη B: D（ξ-η）=Dξ-Dη C: D（ξη）=Dξ·Dη D: E（ξη）=Dξ·Dη